State Of Washington v. Taylor Alexandra Church , 428 P.3d 150 ( 2018 )

'..";OURT OF (, , :ALS DIV
STATE OF WASHiliGION
2010 OCT -8 AH 8:51
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 76573-6-1
)
Respondent, )
)
v. )
)
TAYLOR CHURCH, ) PUBLISHED OPINION
)
Appellant. ) FILED: October 8, 2018
)
VERELLEN, J. —A court may impose sanctions when the recipient of a
residential drug offender sentencing alternative(DOSA)fails to comply with the
terms of her judgment and sentence. RCW 9.94A.664(4) allows imposition of total
confinement equal to one-half the midpoint of the standard range of the underlying
sentence. Because the provisions of RCW 9.94A.664(4) are inapplicable to an
offender who fails to report to residential treatment, they do not apply to Taylor
Church.
Church also argues the State breached the plea agreement by
recommending a standard range sentence after she failed to report to treatment.
But she misconstrues the terms of the plea agreement.
Therefore, we affirm.
No. 76573-6-1/2
FACTS
On September 15, 2016, Taylor Church pleaded guilty to first degree
residential burglary and solicitation to possess heroin. The trial court calculated an
offender score of 4, which carries a standard range sentence of 15 to 20 months.
In exchange for Church's guilty plea, the State agreed to recommend a residential
DOSA. On September 29, 2016, the court accepted the State's recommendation
and sentenced Church to three to six months of addiction treatment in a residential
facility followed by two years of community custody.
Church failed to report to treatment. At a hearing on December 23, 2016,
she admitted violating her sentence. The State requested revocation of Church's
DOSA, but the court declined to do so and again ordered Church to report to a
residential treatment facility. By February 10, 2017, Church still had not reported
to treatment and again stipulated to violating her sentence. At a March 13, 2017,
revocation hearing, the State recommended a 16-month sentence within the
standard range, relying on RCW 9.94A.660(7)(c). Church argued that
RCW 9.94A.664(4)(c) limited the court to one-half the midpoint of the standard
range, or 8.75 months of total confinement. Specifically, Church contended the
rule of lenity must apply to resolve an irreconcilable conflict between sections .660
and .664. The court revoked Church's DOSA for willfully failing to report to
treatment as ordered and sentenced her to 15 months' incarceration pursuant to
RCW 9.94A.660(7)(c).
Church appeals.
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No. 76573-6-1/3
ANALYSIS
"When a trial court exceeds its sentencing authority under the [Sentencing
Reform Act of 1981, chapter 9.94A RCW], it commits reversible error."1
Determining whether a trial court exceeds its authority under the Sentencing
Reform Act is an issue of law, which the court reviews de novo.2
Issues of statutory interpretation are also legal questions subject to de novo
review.3 When engaging in statutory interpretation, a court's purpose is "to
determine and give effect to the intent of the legislature."4 Legislative intent is
derived, when possible, "solely from the plain language enacted by the legislature,
considering the text of the provision in question, the context of the statute in which
the provision is found, related provisions, and the statutory scheme as a whole."5
RCW 9.94A.660 governs both prison-based and residential chemical
dependency treatment-based DOSAs. If an offender meets the requirements in
RCW 9.94A.660(1), then the court waives the standard range sentence and
"impose[s] a sentence consisting of either a prison-based alternative under
RCW 9.94A.662 or a residential chemical dependency treatment-based alternative
under RCW 9.94A.664."6 RCW 9.94A.660(7)(a) includes broad provisions for
1 State v. Murray, 118 Wash. App. 518, 522, 77 P.3d 1188(2003).
2 State v. Button, 184 Wash. App. 442, 446, 339 P.3d 182(2014).
3 State v. Evans, 177 Wash. 2d 186, 191, 298 P.3d 724 (2013).
4 Id. at 192(quoting State v. Sweany, 174 Wash. 2d 909, 914, 281 P.3d 305(2012)).
5 1d.
6 RCW 9.94A.660(3).
3
No. 76573-6-1/4
sanctions applicable "at any time" to "any offender sentenced under this section" if
they violate the conditions of their sentence or fail to make satisfactory progress in
treatment. Specifically, RCW 9.94A.660(7)(c) provides:
The court may order the offender to serve a term of total confinement
within the standard range of the offender's current offense at any
time during the period of community custody if the offender violates
the conditions or requirements of the sentence or if the offender is
failing to make satisfactory progress in treatment.
RCW 9.94A.664 sets out specific provisions for residential DOSAs. There
is no period of total confinement. The residential DOSA offender is subject to
community custody for the greater of 24 months or one-half the midpoint of the
standard range "conditioned upon the offender entering and remaining in
residential chemical dependency treatment for ... between three and six
months."7 RCW 9.94A.664(4)(c) allows sanctions at a "progress hearing" or a
"treatment termination hearing," including "a term of total confinement equal to
one-half the midpoint of the standard sentence range, followed by a term of
community custody under RCW 9.94A.701."8
The narrow issue here is whether Church qualifies for the more lenient
sanction allowed under RCW 9.94A.664(4)(c).
RCW 9.94A.664(3)(b) requires the court to schedule both a "progress
hearing" and a "treatment termination hearing." The former must be held "during
7 RCW 9.94A.664(1).
8 RCW 9.94A.664(4)(c). RCW 9.94A.701(4) in turn provides that if an
offender is given a DOSA sentence,"the court shall impose community custody as
provided in RCW 9.94A.660."
4
No. 76573-6-1/5
the period of residential chemical dependency treatment," and the latter must be
held "three months before the expiration of the term of community custody."9 The
offender's treatment provider must write and send a treatment plan to the court
"within thirty days of the offender's arrival to the residential chemical dependency
treatment program."19 "Upon receipt of the plan" from the treatment provider, "the
court shall schedule a progress hearing during the period of residential chemical
dependency treatment, and schedule a treatment termination hearing."11
The court's authority to impose sanctions based on RCW 9.94A.664(4)(c)
requires satisfaction of the section's preconditions. These include the condition
that the offender report to the facility for residential treatment.12 Because Church
never reported for treatment, she could not be evaluated, the treatment provider
could not develop a treatment plan, and the court could not schedule a progress or
termination hearing.13 Therefore, Church's failure to report to treatment made the
sanctions provision of RCW 9.94A.664(4)(c) inapplicable to her.
9 RCW 9.94A.664(3)(b).
19 RCW 9.94A.664(3)(a)(emphasis added).
11 RCW 9.94A.664(3)(b).
12 RCW 9.94A.664(1),(3)(a).
13 The trialcourt explained that, in King County, several hearings are
typically used to monitor the progress of residential DOSA offenders, not just a
single progress and a single termination hearing. For example, King County
superior courts often conduct an early review hearing to determine if the offender
has reported for treatment and subsequent review hearings to monitor progress.
Because of the statutory timing requirements, these review hearings are not
necessarily the "progress hearing" or "treatment termination hearing" contemplated
by the statute. In any event, the King County variations do not alter how we
construe the statute.
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No. 76573-6-1/6
Furthermore, the purpose of the DOSA statutes is "to provide meaningful
treatment and rehabilitation incentives for those convicted of drug crimes, when
the trial judge concludes it would be in the best interests of the individual and the
community."14 The same interests are at issue when the trial court decides the
sanctions for noncompliance. Church's desired reading of RCW 9.94A.664(4)
would undermine these interests by creating a disincentive to comply with the
terms of a residential DOSA. Accepting Church's reading of the statutes,
offenders would be tempted to agree to a residential DOSA and then fail to report
in order to reduce a standard range sentence to half the midpoint of the standard
range. This would undermine the DOSA statutes' purpose.
Because the plain language in RCW 9.94A.664 is unambiguous and
sufficient to resolve this issue, we do not need to consider the broader question of
the interplay between RCW 9.94A.660(7)(c), allowing incarceration for the
standard range, and RCW 9.94A.664(4)(c), allowing incarceration for one-half the
midpoint of the standard range when it is applicable.15 That question would be
best addressed on specific facts squarely presenting it.16
14 State v. Grayson, 154 Wash. 2d 333, 343, 111 P.3d 1183(2005).
15 See Evans, 177 Wn.2d at 192 ("Plain language that is not ambiguous
does not require construction.").
16 We note the State's observation at oral argument that the two statutes
might be harmonized as allowing the trial court the option of selecting which of the
two total confinement sanctions best meets the interests of the offender and the
community upon revocation of a residential DOSA. This observation appears to fit
with the DOSA statutes' purpose as stated in Grayson, 154 Wn.2d at 343.
6
No. 76573-6-1/7
For the first time on appeal, Church argues the State breached the plea
agreement when it recommended a standard range sentence after she failed to
report to treatment.17
When a plea agreement is unambiguous, as it is here, the court reviews the
agreement de novo.18
"A plea agreement is a contract with constitutional implications."18 The
agreement is evaluated under basic contract principles.20 The agreement binds
the State and the defendant.21 Because of a plea agreement's constitutional
implications, "due process 'requires a prosecutor to adhere to the terms of the
agreement.'"22 The State is bound by the Constitution and the plea agreement's
terms to recommend its promised sentence.23
At its most basic, Church's plea agreement bound the State to recommend
a residential DOSA in exchange for her pleading guilty to residential burglary and
17 The breach of a plea agreement may be raised for the first time on
appeal as a manifest constitutional error. But to be considered "manifest," the
facts necessary to review the claimed error must be in the appellate record. State
v. Xaviar, 117 Wash. App. 196, 199,69 P.3d 901 (2003); State v. Williams, 103 Wn.
App. 231, 234, 11 P.3d 878(2000).
18 State v. Ramos, 187 Wash. 2d 420, 433, 387 P.3d 650, cert. denied, 138 S.
Ct. 467, 199 L. Ed. 2d 355 (2017).
18 State v. Townsend,2 Wn. App. 2d 434, 438,409 P.3d 1094 (2018); see
State v. Sledge, 133 Wash. 2d 828, 838-39, 947 P.2d 1199 (1997).
20 State v. Mclnallv, 125 Wash. App. 854, 867, 106 P.3d 794 (2005).
21 Sledge, 133 Wn.2d at 839 n.6.
22 State v. MacDonald, 183 Wash. 2d 1, 8, 346 P.3d 748(2015)(quoting id. at
839).
23 Id.
7
No. 76573-6-1/8
solicitation to possess heroin. The State made that recommendation at
sentencing. Church's contention is based on the State's conduct after she failed
to comply with the terms of her sentence.
The contested provisions of the plea agreement are in the State's
residential DOSA recommendation form: "NONCOMPLIANCE with the
requirements of the DOSA sentence while in community custody will result in
imposition of sanctions, which may include a term of total confinement of up to
one-half the midpoint of the standard range."24
Church's argument presumes that the State breached a promise to
recommend total confinement up to one-half the midpoint of the standard range.
But the State made no such promise. "'While the government must be held to the
promises it made, it will not be bound to those it did not make.'"25
The "noncompliance" section of the plea agreement merely provides notice
that sanctions will result for noncompliance. It then identifies an example of one
sanction a court may impose. Church provides no authority that such a statement
of one possible sanction is the same as a promise by the State that it will forgo
recommending another available sanction. To the contrary, an equivocal
24 Clerk's Papers at 39(boldface omitted, emphasis added).
25 WAYNE R. LEFAVE, JEROLD H. ISRAEL, NANCY J. KING, AND ORIN S. KERR,
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 21.2(d) n.173(4th ed. 2015)(quoting United States v.
Fentress, 792 F.2d 461 (4th Cir. 1986)).
8
No. 76573-6-1/9
statement about which sanction might be imposed in the future is, in this context,
no promise at al1.26
Because the court did not err by declining to rely on RCW 9.94A.664(4) and
the State did not breach the plea agreement, we affirm.
WE CONCUR:
'eecieek,
C
26 See Washington Educ. Ass'n v. Washington Dep't of Ret. Sys., 181
Wash. 2d 212, 225-27, 332 P.3d 428(2014)(concluding that no binding promise was
made when communications are "equivocal" and "too qualified"); accord United
States v. Battle, 467 F.2d 569, 570 (5th Cir. 1972)(information relayed by
prosecutor to defendant in plea bargaining "in equivocal terms such as `could' and
'perhaps" are not promises); United States v. Nuckols, 606 F.2d 566, 568 (5th Cir.
1979)(prosecutor "venturing a guess" as to length of sentence the appellant
"could expect" is not an enforceable promise).
9