State of Washington v. William Alexander ( 2015 )

FILED
JULY 28, 2015
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 32450-8-III
Appellant, )
)
v. )
)
WILLIAM ALEXANDER, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
Respondent. )
FEARING, J. Search warrants must be based on probable cause rather than a law
enforcement officer's wish to determine whether criminal activity exists. In this appeal, a
law enforcement officer declared in an affidavit supporting a search warrant that she
desired a warrant to explore the outbuildings on William Alexander's property to "prove
or disprove" the legality of Alexander's marijuana grow venture. Execution of the
warrant led to the discovery of firearms illegally possessed by Alexander. When charged
with unlawful possession of firearms, Alexander sought to suppress evidence of the
firearms by challenging the search warrant on the basis that the affidavit did not establish
probable cause. The trial court agreed, granted Alexander's motion to suppress, and
dismissed charges against Alexander without prejudice. We affirm.
No. 32450-8-111
State v. Alexander
FACTS
North Central Washington Narcotic Task Force Detective Jodie Barcus completed
an affidavit requesting a search warrant for William Alexander's property at 326 Monse
Bridge Road in Brewster, Washington. In her affidavit, Detective Barcus stated she
visited Alexander's property that morning based on an anonymous tip that the task force
received of a possible illegal marijuana cultivation operation. From Highway 97, Barcus
observed an enclosed greenhouse. She drove west on Monse Bridge Road and saw the
west side of the greenhouse had several sections of plastic missing. According to her
search warrant affidavit, Detective Barcus saw through the open sections:
what I believed, based on my training and experience to be six to ten
foot tall Marijuana plants. The greenhouse is approximately twenty feet
wide and thirty feet long. I was unable to count the number of plants in the
green house or on the property. I observed a large industrial type fan on in
the north side of the greenhouse.
Clerk's Papers (CP) at 25.
In her search warrant affidavit, Detective Jodie Barcus reviewed the law regarding
controlled substances and medical marijuana. She declared:
Under the medical marijuana statute, RCW 69.51A.040 a person is
allowed to possess 15 plants and 24 ounces of usable cannabis product,
whether he or she is a designated provider or a qualifying patient. If a
person is both a designated provider and a qualifying patient the person is
allowed to possess no more than 30 plants and 48 ounces usable cannabis
product.
Under the medical marijuana statute, RCW 69.51A.085 collective
gardens; no more than ten qualifying patients may participate in a single
collective garden at any time, a collective garden may contain no more than
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State v. Alexander
fifteen plants per patient up to a total of forty· five plants; a collective
garden may contain no more than twenty·four ounces of useable cannabis
per patient up to a total of seventy·two ounces of useable cannabis.
Later in her affidavit, Barcus averred:
I am requesting a search warrant for the property, outbuildings
(detached or attached) and vehicles to verify the number of growing
Marijuana plants, usable Marijuana and any documents to prove or
disprove a violation ofRCW 69.50.401, Manufacturing Marijuana. Ifin
fact the Marijuana grow is discovered to fall under RCW 69.51A.085,
collective garden the owners/operators are in violation of RCW
69.51A.060, it shall be a class 3 civil infraction to use or display medical
cannabis in a manner or place which is open to the view of the general
public. A class 3 infraction carries a $ .1 03.00 fine.
CP at 25·26 (emphasis added). The Okanogan County district court judge granted the
search warrant.
The drug task force executed the search warrant on William Alexander's property
and outbuildings at a time when Alexander, his wife, and his son were present. Officers
ordered the Alexanders out of their home. During the search of the greenhouse,
Detective Jodie Barcus asked Alexander if any weapons lay in the residence. Alexander
answered in the affirmative. Barcus asked Alexander to show her the guns. Alexander
replied that he "isn't supposed to mess with guns" because he is a convicted felon. CP at
87. Alexander showed Barcus a rifle in a closet, and Deputy Davis took a photo of the
gun. Barcus confirmed, through a law enforcement data system, Alexander's two prior
felony convictions for possession of a controlled substance and intimidating a public
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State v. Alexander
servant. During the search, the drug task force discovered no violations related to
Alexander's medical marijuana grow operation.
After leaving William Alexander's property, Detective Jodie Barcus signed an
amended affidavit for a search warrant "to recover all firearms and ammunition" on
Alexander's property. CP at 88. After obtaining another search warrant, the task force
returned to the Alexander's residence and confiscated four firearms.
PROCEDURE
The State of Washington charged William Alexander with four counts of unlawful
possession of a firearm in the second degree. Alexander filed a motion to suppress all
evidence obtained pursuant to the original and amended search warrants. Alexander
argued that the court issued the first warrant without probable cause. He highlighted
language in Detective Jodie Barcus' affidavit that she desired a search warrant to "prove
or disprove" a potential violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act chapter
69.50 RCW (CSA) or Washington State Medical Use of Cannabis Act chapter 69.51A
RCW (MUCA). The State argued that certainty is not required for probable cause and
that Detective Barcus' description of her observations sufficed for a neutral magistrate to
evaluate the request for a search warrant.
The superior court granted William Alexander's motion to suppress. The trial
court observed during his oral ruling:
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State v. Alexander
I see the language that well, I want a warrant to prove or disprove
this offense, to me that equates to nothing more than language which is also
repeated numerous times in case law over the last twenty or thirty years
where warrants are not valid if they are simply, in effect, requested for a
fishing expedition. . .. 1 am concerned because the officer says she is
unable to count the number of plants and I'm not saying that she needed to
have the exact number, but what that tells me is that she knew there was
marijuana or what she reasonably believed to be marijuana but she didn't
have any idea how much (unintelligible) and she even cites the medical
marijuana statute and what it allows and then she goes on to say "I just
want a warrant to prove or disprove that there is a violation of the medical
marijuana statute." And Ijust don't think it works that way. So, Mr.
Thomason, 1 am going to grant your motion and ask you to prepare
appropriate findings of fact which are consistent with, really, the officer's
request for the warrant, which is very simple and that is that there is not
probable cause to believe that an offense or a crime had been committed
and that is based largely on the key language of the warrant, which says
simply "I am requesting a search warrant to prove or disprove a violation of
the law."
Report of Proceedings (RP) at 9-10.
In its conclusions of law, the superior court concluded:
1. The affidavit in support of the warrant failed to set forth facts and
circumstances sufficient to establish a reasonable inference that Mr.
Alexander was probably involved in criminal activity.
2. A warrant should only issue if there is probable cause to believe
that a crime has been committed-not to "prove or disprove" whether or
not a crime has been committed. Although the affidavit need not make a
prima facie showing of criminal activity, it must show criminal activity is at
least probable. At no point did Detective Barcus, or any other witness,
state that she had probable cause to believe Mr. Alexander was in violation
ofRCW 69.50.401 or any other criminal law.
3. Detective Barcus did not request a warrant based upon inferences
that Mr. Alexander was merely growing marijuana on his property; her
extensive discussion over the Medical Marijuana Statutes demonstrate the
Detective requested the warrant to "verity" the number of plants. Her
affidavit was not couched in terms that there was a probable violation of the
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State v. Alexander
law, but rather was merely wanted [wanting] a warrant to check and see
whether there was a violation of law.
4. When an unconstitutional search or seizure occurs, as transpired
in this case, all subsequently uncovered evidence becomes fruit of the
poisonous tree and must be suppressed.
CP at 5. The trial court dismissed charges without prejudice.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
Search Warrant
The sole substantive issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in granting
William Alexander's motion to suppress evidence of firearms on the basis that Detective
Jodie Barcus' initial affidavit did not establish probable cause to justify issuance of a
search warrant. Law enforcement would not have gained knowledge of the unlawfully
possessed guns but for activity authorized by the first search warrant.
The State of Washington contends that Detective Barcus' affidavit provided the
court with enough information to find probable cause because the affidavit included her
observation of marijuana growing in a greenhouse on Alexander's property. William
Alexander argues that Barcus' citation to both the CSA act and the MUCA coupled with
her statement that she desired a warrant to "prove or disprove" violations of those laws
failed to establish probable cause that a crime was being committed on Alexander's
property. We agree with Alexander.
William Alexander relies only on the Washington constitution, which affords
greater protection under these circumstances than the federal constitution. Article I,
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State v. Alexander
section 7 of our state constitution requires that a search warrant issue only upon a
determination of probable cause by a neutral magistrate. State v. Myers, 117 Wn.2d 332,
337,815 P.2d 761 (1991). Probable cause exists when facts and circumstances suffice to
establish a reasonable inference that the defendant is involved in criminal activity and
that evidence of the criminal activity can be found at the place to be searched. State v.
Maddox, 152 Wn.2d 499,505,98 P.3d 1199 (2004). Probable cause requires (1) a nexus
between criminal activity and the item to be seized, and (2) a nexus between the item to
be seized and the place to be searched. State v. Thein, 138 Wn.2d 133, 140, 977 P.2d 582(1999). An affidavit supporting a search warrant must show criminal activity is at least
probable. State v. Ellis, 178 Wn. App. 801, 805-06, 327 P.3d 1247 (2014). Evidence
obtained from a warrant issued without probable cause should be suppressed under the
fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine. State v. Eisfeldt, 163 Wn.2d 628,640, 185 P.3d 580(2008).
The State of Washington claims that Detective Jodie Barcus cited, in her affidavit,
the statute she believed was being violated and the crime therein. The State further
argues that Barcus indicated what crimes she believed were probably happening. To the
contrary, Detective Barcus never stated a belief that any crime was probably being
committed on William Alexander's property. She cited two statutes that she said might
be violated.
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No. 32450-8-111
State v. Alexander
The State principally relies on our recent decision of State v. Ellis, 178 Wn. App.
801 (2014). The State contends Ellis holds that an affidavit supporting a search warrant
that presents enough details to reasonably infer the suspect is growing marijuana on his or
her property is enough to render the search warrant valid. The State's recitation of Ellis'
holding is correct, but the holding does not help the State under the circumstances on
appeal.
In State v. Ellis, we addressed a similar situation. While visiting Daniel Ellis'
residence to arrest another person, Spokane County Sheriff Deputy Mark Benner smelled
marijuana. Because of unsociable dogs, Deputy Benner could not reach the front door, so
he attempted to access the home elsewhere. As he neared the garage, he smelled
marijuana again. He peeked into a residence window and discovered what he believed
was a small marijuana grow venture. Benner obtained a search warrant to search the
residence for evidence of marijuana manufacturing in violation of the CSA. During that
search, Benner discovered a firearm, which Ellis was prohibited from possessing due to a
prior felony conviction. Nevertheless, Ellis possessed a medical marijuana grow permit.
We affirmed the trial court's denial of Ellis' motion to suppress evidence of the firearm
on the basis that the initial search warrant lacked probable cause because Ellis had valid
permits to grow marijuana. We clarified that an officer seeking a search warrant for a
suspected illegal marijuana grow operation need not also show the medical MUCA
exception's inapplicability.
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No. 32450-8-III
State v. Alexander
Deputy Jodie Barcus did not seek a search warrant for what she believed was an
illegal marijuana grow. Instead Barcus stated she wished to search William Alexander's
property to "prove or disprove" his compliance with the law. On the one hand, Deputy
Benner's probable cause affidavit in Ellis stated he believed Ellis to be violating the
CSA. On the other hand, Detective Barcus confusingly cited both the MUCA and the
CSA in her affidavit and stated that, if she found no CSA violation, she would determine
whether Alexander should be cited for a civil violation under the MUCA.
A search warrant issues upon the probability of criminal activity rather than to
afford law enforcement an opportunity to disprove a crime. Stating that one wishes to
"prove or disprove" a violation of the law impliedly admits that it is equally probable no
violation exists.
Attorney Fees
William Alexander requests attorney fees and costs incurred on appeal. Alexander
does not state the grounds on which he is entitled to fees and costs.
RAP 18.1 (b) requires that any party seeking fees on appeal have a separate section
in its brief detailing the rationale for awarding fees. A bare request for attorney fees is
not enough. The party must provide argument and citation to authority supporting its
request for fees. Wilson Court Ltd. P'ship v. Tony Maroni's, Inc., 134 Wn.2d 692, 710
n.4, 952 P.2d 590 (1998). Therefore, we deny Alexander's request.
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CONCLUSION
We affirm the superior court's grant of William Alexander's motion to suppress
and the dismissal without prejudice of charges against William Alexander for unlawful
possession of firearms.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
WE CONCUR:
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