State Of Washington v. Eugene Andrew Young & Claude Hutchinson , 198 Wash. App. 797 ( 2017 )

Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
May 2, 2017
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 45996-5-II
(Consolidated with No. 46113-7-II)
Respondent,
PUBLISHED OPINION
v.
EUGENE A. YOUNG,
Appellant.
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 46113-7-II
Respondent,
v.
CLAUDE A. HUTCHINSON,
Appellant.
BJORGEN C.J. — Claude Hutchinson moves to modify our commissioner’s ruling
awarding appellate costs to the State after we affirmed Hutchinson's convictions. He argues (1)
that his challenge to appellate costs is timely raised in a motion to modify the commissioner’s
ruling even absent an objection to the cost bill and (2) that we should decline to impose appellate
costs. Despite his failure to object to the cost bill, we hold that Hutchinson’s motion to modify
the cost bill warrants consideration under RAP 1.2(c). We grant his motion to modify and refer
the matter to our court commissioner to determine under current RAP 14.2 and applicable case
law whether appellate costs should be waived due to Hutchinson’s indigency.
No. 45996-5-II
(Cons. w/ No. 46113-7-II)
FACTS
In the unpublished portion of State v. Young, 192 Wn. App. 850, 369 P.3d 205, review
denied, 185 Wn.2d 1042 (2016), we affirmed Hutchinson’s convictions for second degree rape,
promoting the commercial sexual abuse of a minor, communication with a minor for immoral
purposes, and second degree attempted theft. After our decision was filed, the State submitted a
cost bill for appellate costs pursuant to RAP 14.4 and RCW 10.73.160(2), to which Hutchinson
did not file an objection. On August 8, 2016, our court commissioner awarded appellate costs to
the State, reasoning that he lacked discretion under RAP 14.2 to decline to award costs to the
State as the prevailing party. Hutchinson filed a timely motion to modify the commissioner’s
order under RAP 17.7, requesting that all appellate costs be waived due to his indigency.
ANALYSIS
I. CONSIDERATION OF HUTCHINSON’S CHALLENGE TO COSTS
Hutchinson argues that we should consider his challenge to the commissioner’s ruling,
even though he did not object to the cost bill before the commissioner. We hold that because the
commissioner was not authorized to grant Hutchinson relief from the cost bill, whether or not he
objected to it, we will consider his challenge to the cost bill under RAP 1.2(c) in the interests of
justice
1. Standard of Review/Legal Principles
Under RCW 10.73.160(1), appellate courts “‘may require an adult offender convicted of
an offense to pay appellate costs.’” State v. Sinclair, 192 Wn. App. 380, 385, 367 P.3d 612,
review denied, 185 Wn.2d 1034 (2016) (quoting RCW 10.73.160(1)). The statute provides that
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appellate costs “shall be requested in accordance with . . . Title 14 of the rules of appellate
procedure.” RCW 10.73.160(3). Former RAP 14.2 (1998), in turn, stated that
[a] commissioner or clerk of the appellate court will award costs to the party that
substantially prevails on review, unless the appellate court directs otherwise in its
decision terminating review.
(Emphasis added.) We review a motion to modify a commissioner’s ruling de novo. State v.
Vasquez, 95 Wn. App. 12, 15, 972 P.2d 109 (1998).
2. RAP 1.2(c) Warrants Consideration of Hutchinson’s Motion to Modify the
Commissioner’s Ruling
Our recent case law has established that a party may raise a challenge to appellate costs in
its opening brief, a motion for reconsideration, or through a motion to modify a commissioner’s
ruling on a cost bill. See Sinclair, 192 Wn. App. at 389-90; State v. Grant, 196 Wn. App. 644,
650-51, 385 P.3d 184 (2016). In Grant, however, we declined to decide the issue presented here:
whether a motion to modify the commissioner’s ruling would be timely in the absence of an
objection to the cost bill. 196 Wn. App. at 652 n.3.
Effective January 31, 2017, RAP 14.2 was amended to modify the awarding of costs on
appeal. Because the commissioner ruled on the State’s cost bill in Hutchinson’s case well before
these amendments were effective, we examine former RAP 14.2 (1998) in determining the effect
of Hutchinson’s failure to object to the cost bill.
a. The Commissioner Lacked Authority to Waive Appellate Costs
As noted, former RAP 14.2 states:
A commissioner or clerk of the appellate court will award costs to the party
that substantially prevails on review, unless the appellate court directs otherwise in
its decision terminating review.
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(Emphasis added.) The State substantially prevailed on review, and our decision terminating
review did not direct the award of appellate costs. Therefore, under former RAP 14.2, even if
Hutchinson had objected to the cost bill, the commissioner would have been required to award
costs to the State.
The case law supports this conclusion. In Sinclair, Division One of our court stated,
“Consequently, it appears that a clerk or commissioner has no discretion under the rules to deny
an award of costs when the State has substantially prevailed on review.” 192 Wn. App at 386.
Similarly, State v. Nolan, 98 Wn. App. 75, 80-81, 988 P.2d 473 (1999), affirmed, 141 Wn.2d 620(2000) held:
[W]here the State is the substantially prevailing party and timely requests
recoupment as authorized by RCW 10.73.160, the award of costs is virtually
automatic—subject to the commissioner’s resolution of any disputes regarding the
reasonableness of the expenses and their necessity to the process of review—and
subject to the right of the aggrieved party to seek modification of the ruling.
Thus, in ruling on a cost bill before the 2017 amendments to RAP 14.2, the commissioner had
authority to resolve disputes regarding the reasonableness of a particular item in the cost bill.
Nolan, 98 Wn. App. at 80-81. Under State v. Maples, 171 Wn. App. 44, 51, 286 P.3d 386(2012), the commissioner also had authority to resolve disputes over who was the prevailing
party in ruling on a cost bill.
Hutchinson raises neither of these challenges. Instead, he asks that all appellate costs be
waived due to indigency. Under former RAP 14.2 and the case law discussed above, the
commissioner would not have had authority to grant Hutchinson that relief even if he had
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No. 45996-5-II
(Cons. w/ No. 46113-7-II)
objected. Therefore, requiring Hutchinson to have objected to the State’s cost bill before the
commissioner would require a superfluous and futile act.
b. The Application of RAP 14.5 and 14.6(a) is Unclear
The State argues that the plain terms of RAP 14.5 and RAP 14.6(a) require that
Hutchinson object to the cost bill in order to challenge it. RAP 14.5 states that
[a] party may object to items in the cost bill of another party by serving on all parties
and filing with the appellate court objections to the cost bill within 10 days after
service of the cost bill upon the party.
RAP 14.6(a) states that the commissioner “will determine costs within 10 days after the
time has expired for filing objections to the cost bill.”
Whether these rules required Hutchinson to object to the imposition of costs before filing
a motion to modify the award of costs is unclear. RAP 14.5 could be interpreted as not simply
imposing a 10-day limit on the filing of objections, but also requiring generally that an objection
be filed to maintain a challenge to costs. Under Maples, 171 Wn. App. at 51, the failure to file
an objection within the commissioner’s authority to grant constitutes a waiver of that objection.
On the other hand, RAP 14.5 speaks to objections to “items in the cost bill,” not whether costs
should be awarded at all. (Emphasis added.) Similarly, Nolan and Maples make clear that the
commissioner only has authority to rule on the reasonableness of a particular item in the cost bill,
Nolan, 98 Wn. App. at 80-81, and to resolve disputes over who was the prevailing party.
Maples, 171 Wn. App. at 51. Hutchinson does not challenge any specific items in the cost bill or
the State’s position as the prevailing party. Rather, he challenges all appellate costs on the basis
of indigency.
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(Cons. w/ No. 46113-7-II)
These competing analyses lead to one conclusion: the application of RAP 14.5 and RAP
14.6(a) to these circumstances is at best unclear.
c. Application of RAP 1.2(c)
We conclude above that under former RAP 14.2, Nolan and Sinclair, the commissioner
would not have had authority to grant Hutchinson relief from the cost bill, even if he had
objected. We acknowledge, though, that RAP 14.5 and RAP 14.6(a) are ambivalent on the issue
and could be read to require Hutchinson to have objected to the cost bill before the
commissioner.
RAP 1.2(c) states, “The appellate court may waive or alter the provisions of any of these
rules in order to serve the ends of justice, subject to the restrictions in rule 18.8(b) and (c).” To
serve the interests of justice in the circumstances of this case, we exercise our authority under
RAP 1.2(c) to waive any requirement that Hutchinson must have objected to the State’s cost bill
submitted under former RAP 14.2 in order to preserve his ability to challenge the award of
appellate costs in a motion to modify.
II. APPELLATE COSTS
Turning to the merits of his motion to modify, Hutchinson argues that we should decline
to impose appellate costs in this case.
Hutchinson was found indigent at the end of his trial and granted an order of indigency.
Under RAP 15.2(f), we give a party the benefits of an order of indigency throughout the review
unless the trial court finds the party’s financial condition has improved to the extent that the
party is no longer indigent. We recognized in Sinclair that as a general matter, “the imposition
of costs against indigent defendants raises problems that are well documented in Blazina—e.g.,
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‘increased difficulty in reentering society, the doubtful recoupment of money by the government,
and inequities in administration.’” 192 Wn. App. at 391 (quoting State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d
827, 835, 344 P.3d 680 (2015)).
Under RCW 10.73.160(1), we have discretion whether to grant or deny appellate costs to
the prevailing party. Although the 2017 amendments to RAP 14.2 do not govern our resolution
of the merits of this appeal, they now provide an efficient process under which the commissioner
determines whether “an adult offender does not have the current or likely future ability to pay
[appellate] costs.” Accordingly, we grant Hutchinson’s motion to modify the commissioner’s
ruling on costs and refer this matter to the commissioner to determine under recently amended
RAP 14.2 and applicable case law whether to waive appellate costs due to Hutchinson’s
indigency.
CONCLUSION
We grant Hutchinson’s motion to modify and refer the matter to our court commissioner
to determine under current RAP 14.2 and applicable case law whether to waive appellate costs
due to Hutchinson’s indigency.
BJORGEN, C.J.
We concur:
MAXA, J.
LEE, J.
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