Joseph M. Thompson v. Progressive Direct Ins. Co. , 438 P.3d 533 ( 2019 )

FILED
APRIL 9, 2019
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
JOSEPH M. THOMPSON, an individual, ) No. 35864-0-III
)
Respondent, )
)
v. )
) PUBLISHED OPINION
PROGRESSIVE DIRECT INSURANCE )
COMPANY, )
)
Appellant. )
PENNELL, J. — Under Washington’s casualty insurance code, chapter 48.22 RCW,
a guest passenger injured in an automobile accident is considered a third-party “insured,” 1
and is eligible to make a claim for underinsured motorist (UIM) benefits through the
policy covering the vehicle in which he or she was a passenger. But the mere fact that a
guest passenger qualifies as an “insured” does not mean the passenger is automatically
entitled to UIM benefits. The long-standing rule in Washington is that a third-party guest
1
A “named insured” is the “individual named in the declarations of the policy and
includes his [or her] spouse if a resident of the same household.” RCW 48.22.005(9).
Specific to the facts of this case, the host driver is the “named insured.” For readability
and consistency purposes, we refer to the host driver as the “named insured” and the guest
passenger as an “insured person.” Clerk’s Papers at 37, 40.
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passenger can be excluded from UIM coverage if that passenger has already been
compensated through the named insured’s liability coverage. This rule has been codified
in a somewhat convoluted manner by a vehicle-based (as opposed to a person-based)
exclusion, providing that a vehicle insured for liability purposes can, by definition, be
excluded from also being a source of UIM benefits to third parties.
Here, Joseph Thompson was injured as a third-party guest passenger in a vehicle
insured through Progressive Direct Insurance Company. Progressive tendered the limits
of its third-party liability coverage to Mr. Thompson. However, Progressive denied
Mr. Thompson’s claim for UIM benefits based on the terms of its policy, which excluded
UIM benefits to guest passengers for injuries arising from the negligent operation of its
named insured’s vehicle. Because Progressive’s denial of coverage was consistent with
the terms of its policy, public policy, and state law, we uphold Progressive’s benefit
decision. The superior court’s judgment to the contrary is reversed.
FACTS
Joseph Thompson was injured in a single-vehicle accident while traveling as
a guest passenger in a vehicle driven by Stacie Haney. Ms. Haney was the “[n]amed
insured” under an automobile insurance policy (the Policy) issued by Progressive, and the
vehicle driven by Ms. Haney met the definition of a “[c]overed auto” under the general
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terms of the Policy. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 24, 31. Mr. Thompson was not a named
insured under the Policy, and he was not a relative of Ms. Haney, but he met the statutory
and policy definition of an “insured” and “insured person.” RCW 48.22.005(5)(b)(i);
CP at 37, 40. Progressive agreed, for purposes of these proceedings, that its named
insured was solely responsible for the accident giving rise to Mr. Thompson’s claims.
The Policy issued to Ms. Haney included both liability coverage, for bodily
injury and property damage to others, and UIM coverage. Progressive tendered to
Mr. Thompson the $100,000 liability limits of the Policy for his bodily injuries sustained
in the accident. Because Mr. Thompson alleged that this liability payment did not fully
compensate him for the damages resulting from these injuries, he subsequently initiated
a claim under the UIM portion of the Policy.
In relevant part, the UIM portion of the Progressive Policy defines an “[i]nsured
person” as including “any person occupying, but not operating, a covered auto.” CP at
40 (bolded terms are defined terms in the Policy). The Policy defined an “[u]nderinsured
motor vehicle” as “a land motor vehicle or trailer of any type:”
a. to which no bodily injury liability bond or policy applies at the time of the
accident;
b. to which a bodily injury liability bond or policy applies at the time of the
accident, but the bonding or insuring company:
(i) denies coverage; or
(ii) is or becomes insolvent;
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c. that is a hit-and-run vehicle whose owner and operator cannot be
identified and which strikes:
(i) you or a relative;
(ii) a vehicle that you or a relative are occupying; or
(iii) a covered auto;
d. that is a phantom vehicle; or
e. to which a liability bond or policy applies at the time of the accident,
but the sum of all applicable limits of liability under all applicable bonds
and policies is less than the damages that the insured person is legally
entitled to recover.
Id. at 41. The UIM portion of the Policy also excludes certain vehicles from the
definition of an “underinsured motor vehicle.” Id. In relevant part, this exclusion states:
An “underinsured motor vehicle” does not include any vehicle or
equipment:
a. owned by you or a relative or furnished or available for the regular use
of you or a relative. However, this exclusion to the definition of
underinsured motor vehicle does not apply to a covered auto with
respect to bodily injury to you or a relative;
....
f. that is a covered auto. However, this limitation on the definition of
underinsured motor vehicle does not apply to a covered auto with
respect to bodily injury to you or a relative.
Id. The UIM coverage agreement within the Policy states that Progressive:
will pay for damages that an insured person is legally entitled to recover
from the owner or operator of an underinsured motor vehicle because of
bodily injury:
1. sustained by that insured person;
2. caused by an accident; and
3. arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of an underinsured
motor vehicle.
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Id. at 40. The Policy has general provisions that define a “relative” as someone who
resides with the named insured, is related to the named insured “by blood, marriage,
or adoption, and includes a ward, stepchild, or foster child,” and the named insured’s
“unmarried dependent children temporarily away from [the named insured’s] home”
so long as they expect to continue to reside in the named insured’s home. Id. at 32.
In correspondence denying Mr. Thompson’s UIM claim, Progressive stated
that while Mr. Thompson was an “insured person” as defined by the Policy and
RCW 48.22.005(5)(b)(i), he was excluded from UIM coverage under its Policy
because his injuries and damages were not sustained by the operation of an “underinsured
motor vehicle.” Id. at 65; RCW 48.22.030(1). Progressive explained that Ms. Haney’s
vehicle did not meet the policy definition of an “underinsured motor vehicle” as it was a
“covered auto” under the Policy. CP at 66. Progressive also stated its Policy was “in
compliance with the statute [RCW 48.22.005 and RCW 48.22.030] on all points including
on who an ‘insured person’ is, and more importantly what an ‘underinsured motor
vehicle’ is.” Id.
Mr. Thompson initiated a declaratory judgment action in superior court, seeking
a determination that he was entitled to UIM coverage and benefits under the Policy.
The superior court granted summary judgment in favor of Mr. Thompson, holding that
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UIM coverage was required because Mr. Thompson met the “definition of ‘insured’
under RCW 48.22.005,” CP at 209, and Progressive could not use its Policy to erode
the statutory definition. Mr. Thompson was also awarded attorney fees and costs.
Progressive appeals the order granting Mr. Thompson’s motion for summary
judgment and the final judgment establishing attorney fees and costs.
ANALYSIS
The parties agree that under the terms of Progressive’s Policy, Mr. Thompson
was excluded from UIM coverage. While Mr. Thompson fell under the definition of
an “insured person,” CP at 40, he was not injured through the operation of a qualifying
vehicle. Specifically, the vehicle giving rise to Mr. Thompson’s injuries was covered
by the Policy and Mr. Thompson was not the named insured or a relative of the named
insured. As previously noted, UIM benefits are typically triggered in the context of
liability involving a third-party vehicle, not a vehicle covered by the same policy. The
only exception is when the named insured or a family member of the named insured is
the person seeking UIM benefits.
Recognizing that the terms of Progressive’s Policy do not afford him UIM
coverage, Mr. Thompson argues that excluding the named insured’s vehicle from
coverage as an “underinsured motor vehicle” violates state law and public policy.
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As a result, he claims the exclusion must be struck. Bohme v. Pemco Mut. Ins. Co.,
127 Wn.2d 409, 412, 899 P.2d 787 (1995) (A UIM exclusion must be struck if it conflicts
with state statute or public policy.). Our review of this legal claim is de novo. Roller v.
Stonewall Ins. Co., 115 Wn.2d 679, 682, 801 P.2d 207 (1990), overruled on other
grounds by Butzberger v. Foster, 151 Wn.2d 396, 89 P.3d 689 (2004).
Mr. Thompson’s public policy argument is foreclosed by binding precedent.
In Blackburn v. Safeco Insurance Co., 115 Wn.2d 82, 794 P.2d 1259 (1990) and Millers
Casualty Insurance Co. of Texas v. Briggs, 100 Wn.2d 1, 665 P.2d 891 (1983) our
Supreme Court approved of UIM exclusions for third-party guest passengers. As
recognized by the court, liability insurance exists for the protection of an individual, such
as Mr. Thompson, who is a third party to an insurance contract and who has sustained
injuries based on a named insured’s negligence. Millers, 100 Wn.2d at 8. But UIM
coverage is fundamentally different. UIM coverage is meant to protect the named insured
“and others from damages caused by another vehicle which is underinsured.” Id.(emphasis added). A third party has “the option of contracting with an insurance
company for” their own UIM coverage. Blackburn, 115 Wn.2d at 89. But public policy
does not require an insurance company to provide UIM benefits to an individual who has
opted not to obtain UIM protection. See Fleming v. Grange Ins. Ass’n, 73 Wn. App. 570,
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576, 870 P.2d 323 (1994) (“[W]hile the public policy underlying Washington’s UIM
statute is to maximize the protection afforded by insurance coverage, it does not require
insurance companies to provide the coverage for free.”) (citing Blackburn, 115 Wn.2d
at 88). See also Vasquez v. Am. Fire & Cas. Co., 174 Wn. App. 132, 138, 298 P.3d 94(2013) (UIM coverage is restricted insurance “chiefly for the benefit of the named
insured,” and limiting who else is defined as “an ‘insured’ does not run afoul” of the
UIM statute’s public policy.).
Both Blackburn and Millers also held that excluding third-party guest passengers
from UIM coverage did not violate Washington’s UIM statute. Recognizing this fact,
Mr. Thompson argues state law has been modified since the decisions in Blackburn and
Millers. Specifically, in 1993 the legislature added a “definitions” section to the casualty
insurance code, making clear that a guest passenger, not just a named insured, meets the
definition of an “insured.” RCW 48.22.005(5)(b)(i).
Mr. Thompson’s reliance on RCW 48.22.005(5)(b)(i) is inapposite. Both
Blackburn and Millers already recognized that a guest passenger met the definition of an
“insured” for purposes of UIM coverage. Blackburn, 115 Wn.2d at 88-89. That was not
an issue. What was at issue was whether a guest passenger, as an insured person but not
the named insured or a relative thereto, could be denied UIM coverage based on policy
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language that excluded recovery from injuries caused by the operation of a covered
vehicle. As previously stated, both Blackburn and Millers upheld the exclusions under
state law. All RCW 48.22.005(5) did was to codify the essential definition of “insured”
utilized by the Supreme Court in Blackburn. 115 Wn.2d at 88-89. 2 Consistent with
Blackburn and Millers, RCW 48.22.005(5) differentiates between a named insured,
RCW 48.22.005(5)(a), and a third-party (other) insured person, RCW 48.22.005(5)(b).
Given the consistency of RCW 48.22.005(5) with the Supreme Court’s decisions in
Blackburn and Millers, the enactment of this statute in 1993 cannot be fairly read as a
legislative effort to overturn Blackburn and Millers.
2
Blackburn recognized two categories of “insureds” for purposes of UIM
coverage: the “named insured” and the “other insured.” 115 Wn.2d at 88. The UIM
portion of the policy at issue in Blackburn defined “insured” as, “1. You or any family
member[.] 2. Anyone else occupying a covered auto or a temporary substitute for a
covered auto. The covered auto must be out of service because of its breakdown, repair,
servicing, loss or destruction.” Id. at 84. In codifying the definition of “insured,” our
legislature similarly recognized two categories of insureds. RCW 48.22.005(5) defines
“insured” as: “(a) The named insured or a person who is a resident of the named insured’s
household and is either related to the named insured by blood, marriage, or adoption, or is
the named insured’s ward, foster child, or stepchild; or (b) A person who sustains bodily
injury caused by accident while: (i) Occupying or using the insured automobile with the
permission of the named insured; or (ii) a pedestrian accidentally struck by the insured
automobile.”
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Rather than looking to RCW 48.22.005(5)’s definitions, the statute applicable to
Progressive’s UIM exclusion is RCW 48.22.030, which as not been modified in pertinent
part since the Supreme Court’s decisions in Blackburn and Millers. Since 1981, this
statute has defined an “underinsured motor vehicle” as:
a motor vehicle with respect to the ownership, maintenance, or use of which
either no bodily injury or property damage liability bond or insurance policy
applies at the time of an accident, or with respect to which the sum of the
limits of liability under all bodily injury or property damage liability bonds
and insurance policies applicable to a covered person after an accident is
less than the applicable damages which the covered person is legally
entitled to recover.
RCW 48.22.030(1).
The statute also includes a mandate regarding UIM coverage (last amended in
1985), which states:
No new policy or renewal of an existing policy insuring against loss
resulting from liability imposed by law for bodily injury, death, or property
damage, suffered by any person arising out of the ownership, maintenance,
or use of a motor vehicle shall be issued with respect to any motor vehicle
registered or principally garaged in this state unless coverage is provided
therein or supplemental thereto for the protection of persons insured
thereunder who are legally entitled to recover damages from owners or
operators of underinsured motor vehicles, hit-and-run motor vehicles, and
phantom vehicles because of bodily injury, death, or property damage,
resulting therefrom, except while operating or occupying a motorcycle or
motor-driven cycle, and except while operating or occupying a motor
vehicle owned or available for the regular use by the named insured or any
family member, and which is not insured under the liability coverage of the
policy. The coverage required to be offered under this chapter is not
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applicable to general liability policies, commonly known as umbrella
policies, or other policies which apply only as excess to the insurance
directly applicable to the vehicle insured.
RCW 48.22.030(2) (emphasis added).
As recognized in Blackburn and Millers, the UIM statute is written in a way that
references two general classes of vehicles. There is the “motor vehicle” for which
liability coverage has been issued (i.e., the “covered auto”) and there are third-party
“underinsured motor vehicles,” which are not covered by a named insured’s policy.
The UIM statute contemplates coverage only for bodily injury, death, or property damage
caused by the operation of third-party vehicles. Although public policy prohibits
excluding a named insured or the named insured’s family members from UIM coverage
involving a covered vehicle, see Tissell v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 115 Wn.2d 107,
112-14, 795 P.2d 126 (1990), nothing in Washington’s casualty insurance code requires
extending UIM coverage to a third party with a liability claim against the same covered
vehicle. Instead, the third party’s recourse is to rely on liability insurance, the personal
responsibility of the negligent driver, and the third party’s own insurance coverage. The
UIM statute does not provide an additional avenue for recovery.
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CONCLUSION
We reverse the superior court's summary judgment order and award of attorney
fees and costs. This matter is remanded for entry of judgment in favor of Progressive.
Pennell, J.
I CONCUR:
Lawrence-Berrey, C.J.
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FEARING, J. (concurring) - I hold a differing perspective than the majority, but,
based on Washington Supreme Court precedent and a review of chapter 48.22 RCW, I
concur in the majority's decision.
In Millers Casualty Insurance Co. v. Briggs, 100 Wn.2d 1, 665 P.2d 891 (1983),
the Evergreen State Supreme Court unanimously held that an insurance carrier may
exclude underinsured motorist coverage from a passenger traveling in a vehicle insured
for liability coverage by the carrier as long as the traveler is not the insured or a family
member residing with the insured. Seven years later the state high court affirmed the
holding of Millers in Blackburn v. Safeco Insurance Co., 115 Wn.2d 82, 794 P.2d 1259( 1990). The Blackburn court was not unanimous, however. Two dissenters distinguished
Millers on the difference that Bret Blackburn was also denied payment under the liability
coverage of the Safeco insurance policy. Nevertheless, the dissenters also wished to
overrule Millers because the exclusion barring underinsured motorist coverage for the
passenger limited insurance coverage on a basis other than the risk of the insurer and
thereby contravened Washington's policy of full compensation for accident victims.
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I concur in the reasoning of the dissenters in Blackburn v. Safeco Insurance Co.
But unlike dissenting members of the Supreme Court, I am bound by Supreme Court
precedent.
Three years after Blackburn v. Safeco Insurance Co., the Washington State
Legislature adopted House Bill 1233, titled "Motor Vehicle Insurance-Personal Injury
Protection Benefits." LA ws OF 1993, ch. 242. Joseph Thompson contends the 1993 bill
legislatively overruled Millers Casualty Insurance Co. v. Briggs and Blackburn v. Safeco
Insurance Co. The relevant portion of the bill declared:
CHAPTER242
[Engrossed Substitute House Bill 1233]
MOTOR VEHICLE INSURANCE-PERSONAL INJURY
PROTECTION BENEFITS
AN ACT Relating to mandatory offering ofpersonal injury
protection insurance; adding new sections to chapter 48.22 RCW; creating
a new section,· and providing an effective date.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 1. Unless the context clearly requires
otherwise, the definitions in this section apply throughout this chapter.
(5) "Insured" means:
(b) A person who sustains bodily injury caused by accident while: (i)
Occupying or using the insured automobile with the permission of the
named insured ....
NEW SECTION. Sec. 2. ( 1) No new automobile liability insurance
policy or renewal of such an existing policy may be issued unless personal
injury protection coverage benefits ... for medical and hospital expenses,
funeral expenses, income continuation, and loss of services sustained by an
insured ... are offered as an optional coverage.
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(Emphasis added.) Sections 3 to 5 of House Bill 1233 address the extent to which a
casualty insurer must afford personal injury protection coverage.
This appeal concerns section 1 of House Bill 1233 's definition of "insured" and
whether that definition extends to more than the provisions of the bill and to an
underinsured motor vehicle insurance statute found in RCW 48.22.030. Note that section
1 of House Bill 1233 applies its definitions to "this chapter." The prior portions of the
bill, however, reference two distinct "chapters": first, chapter 242, the number from
Washington LAWS OF 1993; and second, chapter 48.22 RCW. Confusion arises as to
whether the definitions announced in section 1 of House Bill 1233 apply to chapter 242
of the LAWS OF 1993, to chapter 48.22 RCW, or to both. The confusion escalates when
one learns that section 1 of House Bill 1233 became RCW 48.22.005 and one observes
that chapter 48.22 RCW refers to creditor coverage, vendor coverage, and underinsured
motorist coverage in addition to the sections for personal injury protection coverage
added by House Bill 1233.
As a result of House Bill 1233, the Washington State code reviser created three
new code sections and placed sections 3 through 5 of the bill into RCW 48.22.090, RCW
48.22.095, and RCW 48.22.100. The reviser created a new code section and inserted
verbatim section 1 of the House Bill 1233 into RCW 48.22.005. RCW 48.22.005 now
reads in relevant part:
Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, the definitions in this
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section apply throughout this chapter.
(5) "Insured" means:
(b) a person who sustains bodily injury caused by accident while (i)
Occupying or using the insured automobile with the permission of the
named insured ....
(Emphasis added.)
We must juxtapose RCW 48.22.005 with RCW 48.22.030(2), the underinsured
motor vehicle insurance statute. The latter statute declares:
No new policy or renewal of an existing policy insuring against loss
resulting from liability ... shall be issued ... unless coverage is provided
therein ... for the protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally
entitled to recover damages from owners or operators of underinsured
motor vehicles[.] ... except while operating or occupying a motor vehicle
owned or available for the regular use by the named insured or any family
member, and which is not insured under the liability coverage of the policy.
(Emphasis added.) The lengthy sentence and confusing language of RCW 48.22.030
may nonsensically suggest that the exclusion from underinsured motor vehicle coverage
cannot apply if the car, in which the insured rode, is not listed in the liability policy. But
no one raises this point. Surprisingly the Washington appellate courts have never
addressed the ambiguity caused by the two different references to a "chapter" in House
Bill 1233 or addressed the aggravation of the uncertainty resulting from the insertion of
section 1 of the bill in RCW 48.22.005.
Joseph Thompson rode in a car driven by Stacie Haney and insured for liability
coverage by Progressive Direct Insurance Company. Haney's negligence caused the
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accident. Thompson was not a family member of Haney. Thompson recovered $100,000
under the liability insurance endorsement of the Progressive insurance policy, but he
claims the $100,000 does not fully compensate him for the injuries sustained in the
accident. He seeks to recover underinsured motorist benefits under the Progressive
policy. The policy excludes from the definition of "underinsured motor vehicle" a
vehicle covered under the liability endorsement of the insurance policy except as to
Haney or her family members.
Joseph Thompson astutely argues that the definitions inserted into RCW 48.22.005
should control the remainder of chapter RCW 48.22. Thompson particularly asks that
RCW 48.22.005's definition of "insured" control the meaning of "insured" in
RCW 48.22.030. RCW 48.22.030 demands a motor vehicle casualty policy cover an
"insured" under the underinsured motor vehicle endorsement. RCW 48.22.005, for
purposes of "this chapter," defines an "insured" as a person who sustains bodily injury
caused by accident while occupying the insured automobile.
I disagree with Joseph Thompson's analysis. The Washington State Legislature
holds the prerogative in declaring public policy with regard to requirements for casualty
insurance. Therefore, our fundamental purpose in construing an insurance statute is to
ascertain and fulfill the intent of the legislature. In re Marriage ofSchneider, 173 Wn.2d
353,363,268 P.3d 215 (2011). This court should construe the statute to effect its
purpose. State v. McDougal, 120 Wn.2d 334, 350, 841 P.2d 1232 (1992). If the statute
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is ambiguous, we may rely on legislative history. State v. Jones, 172 Wn.2d 236, 242,
257 P.3d 616 (2011).
The preamble to House Bill 1233 reads that the bill seeks to impose mandatory
requirements for offering personal injury protection coverage, to ''add new sections" to
chapter 48.22 RCW, and to "create a new section." One might quizzically ponder the
difference between "adding" a new section and "creating" a new section. Regardless, the
bill does not expressly identify which section of House Bill 1233 becomes the "created"
section as opposed to the added sections, and the bill does not declare where in the
Revised Code of Washington the created section should fall. I might guess that the
legislature intended section 1 of House Bill 1233 to be the "newly created" section, and
that, if the legislature considered the question, it might wish the "created section" to lie
inside RCW 48.22. But House Bill 1233 does not expressly declare that the definitions
listed in the new section, including the definition for "insured," should control all of the
provisions of chapter 48.22 RCW. The legislature did not direct where to insert the
created section within RCW 48.22. The code reviser could have placed this new or
created section after RCW 48.22.030 and immediately before the three sections
addressing personal injury protection coverage.
All definitions listed in section 1 of House Bill 1233 and, in turn, contained in
RCW 48.22.005 correspond to words or phrases found elsewhere in House Bill 1233 and,
in turn, the personal injury protection coverage statutes codified in RCW 48.22.090 to
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RCW 48.22.100. Or all such definitions help to define other terms inside section 1 of
House Bill 1233 and RCW 48.22.005. RCW 48.22.030, which creates mandatory
underinsured motor vehicle coverage, contains its own two internal definitions.
House Bill 1233 shows a primary, if not exclusive, intent in imposing mandatory
requirements on insurance companies to offer personal injury protection coverage for
automobile insurance policies. The title to the bill only references personal injury
protection benefits. House Bill 1233 shows no intent to modify the law with regard to
mandatory underinsured motor vehicle insurance coverage. RCW 48.22.005's definitions
should be read in this light.
I find no Washington case law that addresses whether legislative intent as
expressed in an underlying bill holds priority over the manner in which a code reviser
inserts the language of the bill into a code. Nevertheless, the populace elects legislators,
not code compilers, to enact law. Washington courts have declared that the code
reviser's labeling of a statute should not change the meaning of the legislature's
enactment. Tesoro Refining & Marketing Co. v. Department of Revenue, 164 Wn.2d 310,
318 n.3, 190 P.3d 28 (2008); State v. Cooley, 53 Wn. App. 163, 166, 765 P.2d 1327(1989).
Foreign jurisdictions have announced rules more apt to this appeal. In construing
a statute, courts should not consider the title of a chapter where the reviser places an
enactment or the location within the code where the reviser places the enactment.
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American Premier Insurance Co. v. McBride, 159 S.W.3d 342, 349 (Ky. Ct. App. 2004).
The construction of a statute cannot be affected by the insertion of the statute by the
compiler of the code. Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co. v. Pew, 109 Va. 288, 64 S.E. 35,
37 (1909).
Joseph Thompson's insertion of the definition of "insured" from RCW 48.22.005
into RCW 48.22.030 would render other language in RCW 48.22.030 inoperative. The
statute allows the insurance company to exclude underinsured motor vehicle coverage for
an "insured" while operating or occupying a motor vehicle owned or available for the
regular use by the named insured or any family member. Inserting RCW 48.22.005's
definition of "insured" into RCW 48.22.030 would preclude this exception. Statutes
must be interpreted and construed so that all the language used is given effect, with no
portion rendered meaningless or superfluous. Spokane County. v. Department of Fish &
Wildlife, 192 Wn.2d 453, 457-58, 430 P.3d 655 (2018).
I CONCUR:
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