State of Washington v. Uriel Ortiz ( 2013 )

FILED
AUGUST 22, 2013
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DNISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 30198-2-111
Respondent, )
)
v. )
)
URIEL ORTIZ, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
Appellant. )
KORSMO, C.J. - Uriel Ortiz challenges his convictions for two counts of second
degree assault and two counts of felony harassment on the basis of evidentiary
sufficiency, evidentiary and instructional error, and prosecutorial misconduct. We find
no error, and affirm.
FACTS
Late in the evening of May 21,2011, Uriel Ortiz was atthe store with his teenage
son, Abraham Ortiz, when a friend informed him that Sarah Humphries had gone to Mr.
Ortiz's residence to speak with Mr. Ortiz's wife, Patricia Rivera. Mr. Ortiz, who was
No. 30 198-2-II1
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engaged in an extra marital affair with Ms. Humphries, became visibly upset and
declared he was going to find and kill Ms. Humphries.
During this time, Ms. Humphries contacted Ms. Rivera at the family residence.
Ms. Humphries expressed concern that Mr. Ortiz would return, so the women walked
down the street. Mr. Ortiz, Abraham, and the friend returned to the family residence
where they searched for Ms. Rivera. Abraham noticed Mr. Ortiz was wearing a holster
with a handgun in it. The only weapon the family had in the house was a BB rifle.
Mr. Ortiz spotted the women down the street, contacted them, and threatened Ms.
Humphries by pointing a gun toward her feet. Ms. Humphries stepped back and both
women appeared scared. Ms. Rivera stepped in front of Ms. Humphries and attempted to
push the gun away. Mr. Ortiz told Ms. Humphries she had better not come around and
threatened to kill her.
After threatening Ms. Humphries, Mr. Ortiz returned to the family residence and
told Abraham to go get Ms. Rivera. Ms. Rivera returned to the residence and Ms.
Humphries left the area. According to Abraham, Mr. Ortiz told Ms. Rivera to avoid Ms.
Humphries and knocked Ms. Rivera down when she tried to leave the room, telling her
he was going to find and kill Ms. Humphries. According to Ms. Rivera, Mr. Ortiz pushed
her down and proceeded to hit and kick her before pulling out the gun and telling her he
would shoot her. He also told her that he was going to kill Ms. Humphries, and that he
would kill Ms. Rivera if she left the family residence.
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After Mr. Ortiz left, Ms. Rivera called the police. The police took Ms. Rivera and
her children to the police station, and attempted to locate Mr. Ortiz. They eventually
spoke with Mr. Ortiz on Abraham's cell phone and arranged to meet with him at the
family residence approximately 45 minutes after the 911 call.
Mr. Ortiz immediately told the police the gun he used to threaten Ms. Humphries
was a toy gun and directed the officers to a revolver-type BB gun lying on the ground
outside the house. He was not wearing a holster. He also told the police he confronted
the women with the BB gun and acted like he was going to slap Ms. Humphries with it.
He denied hitting or threatening Ms. Rivera.
Mr. Ortiz was charged with two counts of second degree assault with a deadly
weapon and two counts of felony harassment. Prior to trial, the State moved to admit
evidence of two prior incidents of domestic violence committed by Mr. Ortiz against Ms.
Rivera; one incident occurred in March 2011 and the other on May 20, 2011. Over
objection, the trial court ruled the evidence was admissible under ER 404(b) to prove Ms.
Rivera's reasonable fear and reasonable apprehension of bodily injury as well as to assist
the jury in assessing Ms. Rivera's credibility. The defense did not request a limiting
instruction.
Neither Ms. Humphries nor Mr. Ortiz testified at trial. After the State presented
its case, Mr. Ortiz moved to dismiss all charges, arguing the State had failed to show he
used a deadly weapon to threaten the women and that there was insufficient evidence to
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prove he committed felony harassment of Ms. Humphries. The trial court denied the
motion and the jury subsequently found Mr. Ortiz guilty on all four counts.
He timely appealed to this court.
ANALYSIS
Mr. Ortiz alleges the trial court erred by admitting evidence of Mr. Ortiz's prior
acts of domestic violence. He also claims the prosecutor committed misconduct,
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, and contends the trial court violated his right
to a unanimous jury verdict. We address each argument in tum. l
ER 404(b) Evidence
Mr. Ortiz first argues the trial court erred by admitting evidence of his prior acts of
domestic violence against Ms. Rivera under ER 404(b). He claims the prosecutor did not
establish the purpose for which the evidence was admitted and also that the trial court
failed to conduct the required ER 404(b) balancing test. We conclude that the prior acts
of domestic violence were properly admitted under ER 404(b) to assist the jury in
assessing Ms. Rivera's credibility and state of mind.
A defendant's prior acts of domestic abuse against the alleged victim are
admissible under ER 404(b) to assist the jury in assessing the victim's credibility as a
witness and the victim's state ofmind. State v. Grant, 83 Wn. App. 98, 106-08,920 P.2d
1 Mr.Ortiz also raises a cumulative error argument, but because we conclude there
were no errors, there is no basis for finding cumulative error.
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609 (1996); State v. Barragan, 102 Wn. App. 754,9 P.3d 942 (2000). A victim's
knowledge ofthe defendant's past behavior is highly probative evidence that bears
directly on the reasonableness of the victim's fear. See, e.g., Barragan, 102 Wn. App. at
759; State v. Ragin, 94 Wn. App. 407,411,972 P.2d 519 (1999); State v. Binkin, 79 Wn.
App. 284, 291, 902 P.2d 673 (1995), abrogated by State v. Kilgore, 147 Wn.2d 288,53
P.3d 974 (2002).
The decision to admit evidence under ER 404(b) is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. State v. DeVincentis, 150 Wn.2d 11, 17, 74 P.3d 119 (2003). A trial court
abuses its discretion if it fails to abide by the rule's requirements. State v. Foxhoven, 161
Wn.2d 168, 174, 163 P.3d 786 (2007). Discretion is also abused ifit is exercised on
untenable grounds or for untenable reasons. State ex reI. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12,
26,482 P.2d 775 (1971).
The court held a pretrial hearing on July 26, 2011, to determine the admissibility
of prior incidences of domestic violence committed by Mr. Ortiz against his wife. The
first incident occurred in March 2011, and resulted in Ms. Rivera calling the police. The
second occurred on May 20, 2011.
The trial court ruled that the evidence of Mr. Ortiz's prior assaultive conduct
toward Ms. Rivera was admissible under ER 404(b) for two reasons. The court noted:
So in general there are two separate legal theories that require the
admissibility of prior threats and acts of domestic violence. One, to assess
the domestic violence situation dynamics of the relationship to determine
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whether the victim should be granted credibility. And the other
independent basis is that the defendant's charged with harassment and
the-part of that charge, one of the elements is the establishment of a real
threat and a reasonable apprehension of~that the harm-the threat will be
carried out.
Report of Proceedings July 26, 2011 at 25.
We agree that the evidence of Mr. Ortiz's prior assaultive conduct toward Ms.
Rivera was admissible under ER 404(b). To prove assault and harassment, the State had
to prove Ms. Rivera's state of mind: that she was placed in reasonable fear by the threat
to kill her, and she was placed in reasonable apprehension and fear of imminent bodily
injury when Mr. Ortiz pointed the gun at her. Mr. Ortiz's history of domestic violence
against Ms. Rivera was admissible to assess her state of mind. Barragan, 102 Wn. App.
at 759; Ragin, 94 Wn. App. at 411; Binkin, 79 Wn. App. at 291. Additionally, the
evidence was relevant in assessing Ms. Rivera's credibility as a witness. Grant, 83 Wn.
App. at 106-08. The prior acts of violence helped explain Ms. Rivera's inconsistent
action ofretuming to the residence after Mr. Ortiz's original threats. The prior acts were
admissible under ER 404(b).
Mr. Ortiz also claims the trial court erred in admitting the evidence because it did
not balance all the necessary factors before admitting the evidence under ER 404(b). In
order to admit evidence of other bad acts under ER 404(b), the proponent of the evidence
must first convince a trial court by a preponderance of the evidence that the "misconduct"
actually occurred. State v. Lough, 125 Wn.2d 847,853,889 P.2d 487 (1995). A trial
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court may conduct a hearing to take testimony, but is not required to do so. State v.
Kilgore, 147 Wn.2d at 294-95. If the court determines that the misconduct occurred, the
court then must identify the purpose for which the evidence is offered, determine whether
the evidence is relevant to prove an element of the offense, and weigh the probative value
of the evidence against its prejudicial effect. Lough, 125 Wn.2d at 853. The failure to
balance the probative value versus the prejudicial effect on the record may not be fatal if
the trial court has established a sufficient record of the reasons for admitting the
evidence. State v. Jackson, 102 Wn.2d 689, 694, 689 P.2d 76 (1984).
The trial court did not expressly state whether it found the prior acts of domestic
violence actually occurred, but the record reflects the court's belief that the prior
misconduct did occur as described by the State. The trial court identified the purpose for
which the evidence was offered and determined it was relevant to prove the reasonable
fear element of felony harassment and the reasonable apprehension element of second
degree assault, as well as assist the jury in assessing Ms. Rivera's credibility. The trial
court did not conduct the balancing on the record. However, the trial court established a
sufficient record identifying the purpose for which it believed the evidence was relevant
and admissible to allow review of its decision. See Jackson, 102 Wn.2d at 694.
Applying the four-part test to this case, the record shows the trial court had tenable
reasons for admitting the prior acts of domestic violence. First, the State proved the
occurrence of the acts by a preponderance of the evidence. The State admitted a police
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incident report and Mr. Ortiz did not challenge the occurrence of the prior acts either at
trial or on appeal. When performing an ER 404(b) analysis, a trial court may rely on an
offer of proof by the lawyer offering the evidence. Kilgore, 147 Wn.2d at 294-95. After
both parties have argued the matter and the court clearly agrees with one side, this court
can excuse the trial court's lack of an explicit finding that the misconduct occurred. State
v. Stein, 140 Wn. App. 43, 66, 165 P.3d 16 (2007).
The evidence was introduced for the purpose of showing that Mr. Ortiz had a
history of committing violence against Ms. Rivera, and it was relevant to prove the
reasonable apprehension element of the second degree assault charge as well as the
reasonable fear element of the felony harassment charge. Although the trial court failed
to weigh the prejudice on the record, this was harmless error because the record is
sufficient for this court to determine that the trial court would still have admitted the
evidence. State v. Carleton, 82 Wn. App. 680, 686-87, 919 P.2d 128 (1996). While the
evidence certainly had a prejudicial effect by showing that Mr. Ortiz had a history of
committing domestic abuse against Ms. Rivera, the evidence was highly probative
because it demonstrated that Ms. Rivera's fear of substantial bodily harm or death was
reasonable in light of her history with Mr. Ortiz, and it explained her inconsistent action
of returning to the residence. Even though the trial court failed to articulate all four
factors of the ER 404(b) test on the record, this was not reversible error. The evidence
was properly admitted.
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Prosecutorial Misconduct
Mr. Ortiz next claims the prosecutor committed misconduct during closing
argument by repeatedly urging the jury to consider his past acts of domestic violence for
the improper purpose of arguing that he was the type of person who threatened women
and he was not a credible witness. He also argues the prosecutor improperly emphasized
the prior bad acts evidence to gamer sympathy for Ms. Rivera and Ms. Humphries and
appeal to the jury's passions. No prosecutorial misconduct occurred.
Counsel is allowed in closing argument to draw and express reasonable inferences
from the evidence produced at trial. State v. Hale, 26 Wn. App. 211, 216, 611 P.2d 1370(1980) (quoting State v. Adams, 76 Wn.2d 650,660,458 P.2d 558 (1969), rev'd, 403
U.S. 947, 91 S. Ct. 2273, 29 L. Ed 855 (1971)). On the other hand, "[m]ere appeals to
jury passion and prejudice, as well as prejudicial allusions to matters outside the
evidence, are inappropriate." State v. Belgarde, 110 Wn.2d 504,507, 755 P.2d 174(1988). When improper argument is alleged, the defense bears the burden of establishing
the impropriety of the prosecuting attorney's comments as well as their prejudicial effect.
State v. Hoffman, 116 Wn.2d 51,93,804 P.2d 577 (1991).
In determining whether prosecutorial comments have denied the defendant a fair
trial, a reviewing court must decide whether the comments are improper and, if so,
whether there is a substantial likelihood that the comments affected the verdict. State v.
Reed, 102 Wn.2d 140, 145,684 P.2d 699 (1984). "Allegedly improper arguments should
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be reviewed in the context of the total argument, the issues in the case, the evidence
. addressed in the argument, and the instructions given." State v. Graham, 59 Wn. App.
418,428, 798 P.2d 314 (1990). A failure to object to an improper remark constitutes a
waiver unless the comment is flagrant and ill intentioned and the resulting prejudice so
enduring that jury admonitions could not neutralize its effect. State v. Charlton, 90
Wn.2d 657, 661,585 P.2d 142 (1978). Since Mr. Ortiz failed to object to any of the
challenged statements, he may only prove misconduct if he shows the challenged
statements were so flagrant they could not have been cured by an instruction.
As discussed previously, evidence of prior domestic abuse is admissible to assess
the victim's reasonable fear of the defendant and the victim's credibility. Grant, 83 Wn.
App. at 105. Here, the prosecutor referred to the prior incidents to explain that Ms.
Rivera was placed in reasonable fear and apprehension that Mr. Ortiz was going to kill
her, and to rebut Mr. Ortiz's argument that the women would not have taken his threats
seriously was not credible in light of his history. This was an argument the prosecutor
could properly make based on the evidence presented at trial.
Mr. Ortiz also takes issue with the prosecutor's comment that Ms. Rivera and Ms.
Humphries "didn't deserve" the things Mr. Ortiz was accused of doing, arguing that this
improper comment attempted to obtain a conviction based on the passions of the jury. He
does not cite to any case law to support his argument that this was an improper comment.
Furthermore, he has failed to demonstrate that any of the challenged comments were so
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flagrant and ill-intentioned that they demonstrate an enduring and resulting prejudice that
could not have been neutralized by an admonition to the jury.
Sufficiency ofthe Evidence
Mr. Ortiz also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support both second
degree assault convictions and the harassment conviction relating to Ms. Humphries. The
evidence supported the convictions.
Evidence is sufficient to support a verdict if the trier of fact has a factual basis for
finding each element of the offense proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); State v. Green, 94
Wn.2d 216,221-22,616 P.2d 628 (1980). The reviewing court will consider the
evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution. Green, 94 Wn.2d at 221.
Mr. Ortiz contends that the BB gun did not constitute a deadly weapon and
therefore all the elements of second degree assault were not proved beyond a reasonable
doubt. However, the State did not rely on the BB gun to prove a deadly weapon existed.
Second degree assault was charged on the theory that Mr. Ortiz intentionally
assaulted both women with a deadly weapon. RCW 9A.36.021(l)(c). At trial, the State
introduced the BB gun police recovered from Mr. Ortiz. Abraham testified that the gun
he saw Mr. Ortiz carrying in a holster was not the family's BB rifle, and Ms. Rivera
testified that the revolver-type BB gun the police recovered was not the same gun Mr.
Ortiz used to threaten the women. Ms. Rivera also testified that to her knowledge the
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only weapon the family had kept in the house was a BB rifle, but she had seen bullets for
a handgun in a kitchen drawer. According to Ms. Rivera, Mr. Ortiz pointed the gun in
the direction of Ms. Humphries' feet. When the defense moved to dismiss the second
degree assault charges, the trial court denied the motion on the basis that while the BB
gun was not a deadly weapon, there was ample evidence that a real firearm was used to
threaten the women.
RCW 9A.04.110(6) defines a "deadly weapon" as:
[A]ny explosive or loaded or unloaded firearm, and shall include any other
weapon, device, instrument, article, or substance, including a "vehicle" as
defined in this section, which, under the circumstances in which it is used,
attempted to be used, or threatened to be used, is readily capable of causing
death or substantial bodily harm.
The statute creates two categories of deadly weapons: firearms and explosives
which are deadly weapons per se, and any other weapon or instrument that is readily
capable of causing substantial bodily harm depending on the circumstances in which it is
used, or threatened to be used. State v. Car/son, 65 Wn. App. 153, 158-59,828 P.2d 30(1992). The circumstances of a weapon's use may include the intent and present ability
of the use, the degree of force, the part of the body to which it is applied, and the physical
injuries inflicted. State v. Winings, 126 Wn. App. 75, 87, 107 P.3d 141 (2005). Whether
a BB gun is a deadly weapon is normally a question for the trier of fact. State v. Tay/or,
97 Wn. App. 123, 126, 982 P.2d 687 (1999).
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Here, the State presented testimony from both Abraham and Ms. Rivera asserting
that the gun Mr. Ortiz used to threaten the women was not the BB gun the police
recovered. Mr. Ortiz had time to dispose of a firearm between the time that he left the
house and he agreed to meet with police. Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence
carry equal weight. State v. Goodman, 150 Wn.2d 774, 781, 83 P.3d 410 (2004). The
evidence allowed the jury to conclude that Mr. Ortiz used a real firearm. The evidence
thus was sufficient.
Mr. Ortiz also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the conviction
for felony harassment of Ms. Humphries, arguing there was no evidence of her subjective
state of mind. This argument incorrectly assumes that the State cannot rely on
circumstantial evidence to prove a victim's state of mind.
As charged here, felony harassment required proof that the offender, without
lawful authority, threatened to kill another and by his words or conduct placed the person
threatened in reasonable fear that the threat would be carried out. RCW
9A,46.020(1 )(a)(i), (2)(b)(ii). The harassment statute is construed in light of the First
Amendment to only reach true threats. State v. Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d 36,43,84 P.3d 1215(2004). A true threat is "a statement made in a context or under such circumstances
wherein a reasonable person would foresee that the statement would be interpreted ...as
a serious expression of intention to inflict bodily harm upon or to take the life of [another
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individual]." State v. Williams, 144 Wn.2d 197,207-08,26 P.3d 890 (2001) (internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Knowles, 91 Wn. App. 367, 373,957 P.2d 797(1998». the test is an objective one, based on the speaker. State v. Stephenson, 89 Wn.
App. 794, 801, 950 P .2d 38 (1998). The speaker of a true threat does not have to actually
intend to carry out the threat-it is enough that a reasonable speaker would foresee that
the threat would be considered serious. Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 46.
Thus, the State not only had to show that Mr. Ortiz made a threat to kill Ms.
Humphries, but it also had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the threat placed Ms.
Humphries in reasonable fear of it being carried out. Ms. Humphries did not give a
statement to the police and she did not testify at trial. However, both Abraham and Ms.
Rivera testified that Ms. Humphries appeared scared when Mr. Ortiz pointed the gun at
her feet and she tried to back away from him. 2 Ms. Rivera also testified that Ms.
Humphries appeared scared of Mr. Ortiz when she first appeared at the residence and
requested to talk to Ms. Rivera somewhere away from the house because she was afraid
Mr. Ortiz would show up while they were talking. She also left the area once Mr. Ortiz
went inside the residence.
Circumstantial evidence is as reliable as direct evidence, and the State may prove
its case with only circumstantial evidence. See, e.g., Goodman, 150 Wn.2d at 781; State
2 As the trial judge noted, most if not all reasonable persons would be placed in
reasonable fear if a person threatened to kill them while pointing a gun in their direction.
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v. Delmarter, 94 Wn.2d 634, 638, 618 P.2d 99 (1980). As the trial court noted, there is
no rule that the victim's reasonable fear that the threat to kill will be carried out cannot be
proved by circumstantial evidence alone. Normally the victim testifies because that is the
simplest way to prove the victim was placed in reasonable fear. This case presents a
unique situation in that the State did not present any testimony from Ms. Humphries.
However, the previously noted evidence established her state of mind. The
evidence of Ms. Humphries's evident fear and the circumstances surrounding the threat
allowed the jury to conclude that a reasonable person in her position would likely be
placed in reasonable fear. The evidence of felony harassment was sufficient.
Right to Unanimous Jury Verdict
Mr. Ortiz's final argument is that the court erred by not giving a unanimity
instruction because the State presented evidence of three different acts that could have
constituted the second degree assault against Ms. Rivera. A unanimity instruction was
not necessary here because one of the three acts occurred on a different day and the
, remaining two acts were part of a continuing course of conduct.
The question ofjury unanimity is an issue of constitutional magnitude that can be
raised initially on appeaL CONST. art. I, § 21; RAP 2.5(a)(3); State v. Fiallo-Lopez, 78
Wn. App. 717,725,899 P.2d 1294 (1995). This assignment of error is reviewed de novo.
State v. Bradshaw, 152 Wn.2d 528,531,98 P.3d 1190 (2004).
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Only a unanimous jury can return a "guilty" verdict in a criminal case. State v.
Camarillo, 115 Wn.2d 60, 63, 794 P.2d 850 (1990). Where the evidence shows multiple
acts occurred that could constitute the charged offense, the State must either elect which
act it relies upon or the jury must be instructed that it must unanimously agree upon
which act it found. State v. Petrich, 101 Wn.2d 566,572,683 P.2d 173 (1984).
Constitutional error occurs if there is no election and no unanimity instruction is given.
State v. Bobenhouse, 166 Wn.2d 881,893,214 P.3d 907 (2009); State v. Kitchen, 110
Wn.2d 403, 411, 756 P .2d 105 (1988). This type of error requires a new trial unless
shown to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Camarillo, 115 Wn.2d at 64.
No election or unanimity instruction is needed if the defendant's acts were part of
a continuing course of conduct. State v. Handran, 113 Wn.2d 11, 17, 775 P.2d 453(1989). Appellate courts must "review the facts in a commonsense manner to decide
whether criminal conduct constitutes one continuing act." Fiallo-Lopez, 78 Wn. App. at
724. A continuing course of conduct exists when actions promote one objective and
occur at the same time and place. Petrich, 101 Wn.2d at 571; State v. Love, 80 Wn. App.
357,361,908 P.2d 395 (1996). A continuing course of conduct also exists when the
charged criminal behavior is an "ongoing enterprise." -State v. Gooden, 51 Wn. App. 615,
620, 754 P.2d 1000 (1988) (promoting prostitution was ongoing enterprise).
The charging document alleged that on May 22, 2011, Mr. Ortiz intentionally
assaulted Ms. Rivera with a deadly weapon. The State presented evidence that when Mr.
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Ortiz pointed the gun at Ms. Humphries's feet and threatened to kill her, Ms. Rivera
stepped between them and attempted to push the gun away. The State also presented
evidence that after Mr. Ortiz and Ms. Rivera returned to their residence, Mr. Ortiz pushed
Ms. Rivera to the ground, pointed the gun at her, and threatened to kill her. Additionally,
the State presented evidence of an assault against Ms. Rivera on May 20.
The jury could not have considered the earlier incident because it occurred prior to
the charging date, and there was no evidence that Mr. Ortiz assaulted Ms. Rivera with a
deadly weapon during that incident. As to the two remaining acts involving the gun on
May 22, no unanimity instruction was necessary because those two acts were part of a
continuing course of conduct.
In determining whether multiple acts were part of a continuing course of conduct,
the reviewing court considers (1) the time separating the acts, and (2) whether the acts
involved the same parties, location, and ultimate purpose. State v. Brown, 159 Wn. App.
1, 14, 248 P.3d 518 (2010). Here, the two acts were only separated by a short period of
time and they occurred in the same general location. Mr. Ortiz initially threatened both
women with the gun because he was angry that they had been talking and that his wife
was made aware of his extra marital affair with Ms. Humphries. After Ms. Humphries
escaped the situation and Ms. Rivera returned to the residence, he continued to make
threats against both women while pointing the gun at Ms. Rivera. Both acts were
motivated by the fact that Mr. Ortiz did not want the women to have any contact with
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each other. Since the two acts of assault against Ms. Rivera were part of a continuing
course of conduct, it was unnecessary for the trial court to give a Petrich instruction.
The convictions are affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
Korsmo, C.J.
WE CONCUR:
Brown, 1.
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