Arthur West v. Clark County ( 2021 )

Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
January 20, 2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
ARTHUR WEST, No. 52843-6-II
Appellant,
v.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
CLARK COUNTY,
Respondent.
SUTTON. J. — Arthur West sought from Clark County posts from David Madore’s personal
Facebook page, claiming the posts were public records prepared by Madore in his official capacity
and Clark County’s failure to produce the posts violated the Public Records Act (PRA).1 The
superior court denied West’s motion for a continuance, granted summary judgment to Clark
County, dismissed the case with prejudice, and denied West’s motion for reconsideration.
West argues that the superior court erred by granting summary judgment and dismissing
the case because Madore’s Facebook posts were public records as they relate to his official
capacity and meet the “scope of employment” requirement set forth in Nissen.2 West also argues
that the superior court erred by denying his request to admit the screenshots attached to his
1
Ch. 42.56 RCW.
2
Nissen v. Pierce County, 183 Wn.2d 863, 879, 357 P.3d 45 (2015).
No. 52843-6-II
declaration, or alternatively, the court erred by denying him a continuance, and the court erred by
denying his motion for reconsideration.
We hold that Madore did not prepare the Facebook posts in his official capacity and the
Facebook posts did not further Clark County’s interest. Therefore, the Facebook posts are not
public records under former RCW 42.56.010(3) (2012). We also hold that the superior court
correctly ruled that the screenshots were not admissible and West’s request for a continuance was
not properly supported. Because the superior court did not err, we affirm.
FACTS
On or about July 25, 2016, West submitted a record request to Clark County for “[a]ny
messages or communications concerning county business posted on, or sent to, or received at
Councilor David Madore’s Facebook page, or any Facebook page used by Mr. Madore to discuss
county business, 2013 to present.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 9. Madore was elected to the Clark
County Council in November 2012 for the 2013 through 2016 term. He was not reelected for a
second term. The Facebook page at issue, which was Madore’s personal Facebook page, was
active before 2012, and it continued after his term ended in November 2016. Madore’s personal
Facebook page was open to the public.
After Clark County verified that it did not maintain a Facebook page for Madore, it
contacted Madore to provide an affidavit. Madore’s affidavit stated that his personal Facebook
page did not contain any public records. Clark County sent Madore’s affidavit to West on August
5.
West filed a PRA lawsuit on August 24, 2016, naming Clark County and Madore as parties.
West later dismissed Madore as a party. West amended his complaint in March 2018, alleging
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that Clark County “silently withheld records, failed to disclose records, and failed to make a
reasonable search in violation of the [PRA].” CP at 17.
On his personal Facebook page, Madore posted statements regarding particular issues and
then invited feedback in the comment section from his constituents. Madore never stated that he
was posting on behalf of Clark County. West argued these Facebook posts were public records
and were, thus, improperly withheld by Clark County.
Clark County moved for summary judgment, arguing that Madore’s posts on his personal
Facebook page were not records that the [c]ounty prepared nor did they further any [c]ounty
interest, and thus, they were not “public records.” CP at 12.
In response, West filed an ER 904 notice to have admitted the following Facebook posts:
 A post about Clark County’s Comprehensive Plan from October 15, 2016;
 A post about a housing shortage from November 1, 2016;
 An article about protests in Portland with the statement that “[a]s a representative of the
citizens of Clark County” from November 14, 2016;
 A post about job growth from November 22, 2016;
 A post about a raise in property taxes on December 6, 2016;
 A post regarding Clark County’s budget on December 7, 2016;
 A post with a video regarding Clark County’s budget on December 8, 2016;
 A post about property taxes from December 12, 2016;
 A post about a light rail project from December 22, 2016; and
 A post about a possible absorption of another county from December 28, 2016
CP at 29-30.
West filed a declaration which attached screenshots of other Facebook posts he claimed
were from Madore’s Facebook page, which screenshots were not included in his ER 904
submission. Clark County objected to the screenshots based on lack of authentication. West asked
that the court either admit the screenshots or grant a CR 56(f) continuance to allow West time to
authenticate the screenshots through Facebook.
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No. 52843-6-II
The superior court allowed West’s ER 904 submissions but denied his request to admit the
screenshots because they were hearsay and not properly authenticated. The court did not explicitly
deny West’s motion for a continuance, but the court proceeded to decide the merits of his claim.
The superior court agreed with Clark County that the posts on Madore’s personal Facebook
page were not “public records” and therefore, Clark County did not improperly withhold any
public records. Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Apr. 25, 2018) at 28-29. The court
commented that “the best description of Mr. Madore’s Facebook site is as a megaphone. Mostly
it’s a litany of perceived wrongs.” VRP at 28. The court found that “[t]he posts weren’t required
. . . or directed,” “[Clark] County has no control over the social media site,” and “it’s clear that
they’re not in the furtherance of [c]ounty government or [c]ounty business.” VRP at 28. The
superior court granted summary judgment and dismissed the case with prejudice.
West requested reconsideration of the superior court’s evidentiary ruling not to admit the
screenshots. The superior court ruled that the motion was untimely. Nevertheless, the court ruled
that “[t]o the extent that the motion is a motion to reconsider the finding that no PRA violation
occurred, the motion is denied.” CP at 135.
West appeals the summary judgment order and dismissal with prejudice, the evidentiary
ruling denying admission of the screenshots, the denial of a continuance, and the denial of
reconsideration.
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ANALYSIS3
I. PUBLIC RECORDS
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo an agency’s action in responding to a PRA request. West v. City of
Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d 586, 591, 410 P.3d 1197 (2018). “This de novo review includes summary
judgment orders involving the PRA.” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 591. We stand in the same
position as the superior court on PRA matters when the record consists of documentary evidence.
Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 592.
“When a summary judgment motion involves factual issues, we view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in that party’s
favor.” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 592. “If a moving defendant shows the absence of any
evidence supporting the plaintiff’s claim, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show a genuine issue
of material fact.” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 592. “But when summary judgment presents only
legal issues, we determine whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 592 (citing CR 56(c)).
B. PRA LEGAL PRINCIPLES
“The PRA is a strongly worded mandate for broad disclosure of public records.”
Neighborhood Alliance of Spokane County v. Spokane County, 172 Wn.2d 702, 714, 261 P.3d 1193
Although West appeals the order denying reconsideration, he fails to make any argument
regarding this issue. RAP 10.3(a)(6) directs each party to supply, in its brief, “argument in support
of the issues presented for review, together with citations to legal authority and references to
relevant parts of the record.” We do not consider conclusory arguments that are unsupported by
citation to authority. Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Bosley, 118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 828 P.2d 549(1992). Therefore, we decline to decide this issue.
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(2011). The PRA “stands for the proposition that, ‘full access to information concerning the
conduct of government at every level must be assured as a fundamental and necessary precondition
to the sound governance of a free society.’” Progressive Animal Welfare Soc’y v. Univ. of Wash.,
125 Wn.2d 243, 251, 884 P.2d 592 (1994) (quoting former RCW 42.17.010(11) (1975)).
RCW 42.56.010(3) defines a “public record” as consisting of three elements: (1) “any
writing” (2) “containing information relating to the conduct of government or the performance of
any governmental or proprietary function” (3) “prepared, owned, used, or retained by any state or
local agency.” See Nissen, 183 Wn.2d at 879. All three elements must be present for the record
to constitute a public record. See Nissen, 183 Wn.2d at 879.
C. FACEBOOK POSTS AS PUBLIC RECORDS
We recently held that “posts on social media sites like Facebook potentially can constitute
public records, just like any other written communication.” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 593. “The
court in Nissen emphasized that the PRA must apply when public employees ‘use cell phones to
conduct public business by creating and exchanging public records—text messages, e-mails or
anything else.’” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 593-94 (quoting Nissen, 183 Wn.2d at 884). We held
that “[t]he same rule necessarily applies to public officials using Facebook to ‘conduct public
business.’ Therefore, a Facebook post can constitute a public record—but only if the statutory
requirements are satisfied.” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 594.
We stated that “‘agency employees are responsible for searching their files, devices, and
accounts for records responsive to a relevant PRA request.’” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 594
(quoting Nissen, 183 Wn.2d at 886). “If an employee claims that information in a personal account
is not public record, he or she must submit an affidavit or declaration stating facts sufficient to
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No. 52843-6-II
support that claim.” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 594. “These rules necessarily apply to a personal
Facebook account when a PRA request has been made for information in such an account.”
Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 594.
D. PUBLIC RECORDS ANALYSIS
1. Existence of a “Writing”
The first element of a public record under RCW 42.56.010(3) is the existence of a
“writing.” RCW 42.56.010(4) broadly defines “writing” to encompass “every . . . means of
recording any form of communication.” And RCW 42.56.010(3) states that definition of public
record applies “regardless of physical form or characteristics” of the record.
Clark County does not dispute that the posts on Madore’s personal Facebook page
constitute a “writing” under the PRA, and thus, the first element is met.
2. Information Relating to Conduct of Government
The second element of a public record under RCW 42.56.010(3) is that the “writing”
contains “information relating to the conduct of government or the performance of any
governmental or proprietary function.” “A record satisfies this element if it contains ‘any
information that refers to or impacts the actions, processes, and functions of government.’”
Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 595 (quoting Nissen, 183 Wn.2d at 880-81). “This element is
established even if the information only indirectly relates to the conduct of government or to
government functions.” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 595. “Conversely, personal communications
of government officials that are not work-related are not public records.” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App.
2d at 595.
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No. 52843-6-II
Again, Clark County does not dispute that the posts on Madore’s Facebook page involved
information relating to the conduct of government, and thus, the second element is met.
3. Records Prepared by a Government Agency
The third element of a public record under RCW 42.56.010(3) is that the writing be
“prepared, owned, used, or retained by any state or local agency.” A “local agency” includes a
city and “any office, department, division, bureau, board, commission, or agency thereof.” RCW
42.56.010(1).
West argues that Clark County, through Madore, must be deemed to have “prepared” the
posts on Madore’s personal Facebook page. We disagree.
a. Scope of Employment Requirements
“[A] record an agency employee prepares ‘in the scope of employment’ necessarily is a
record prepared by the agency.” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 596 (quoting Nissen, 183 Wn.2d at
876). The Supreme Court in Nissen equated “official capacity” and “scope of . . . employment”
when referring to elected official. 183 Wn.2d at 882. The court emphasized that only records the
employee prepares, owns, uses, or retains within the scope of employment qualify as public
records. Nissen, 183 Wn.2d at 887. It stated, “It is worth repeating that records an employee
maintains in a personal capacity will not qualify as public records, even if they refer to, comment
on, or mention the employee’s public duties.” Nissen, 183 Wn.2d at 881, n.8.
b. Analysis
To determine whether Madore was acting within the scope of his employment or official
capacity when he posted items on his personal Facebook page, we apply the three-part test outlined
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in Nissen: (1) whether his position required the posts, (2) whether Clark County directed the posts,
or (3) whether the posts furthered the County’s interests. 183 Wn.2d at 878.
West argues that Madore’s Facebook posts were made in his official capacity and furthered
Clark County’s interests. But Madore’s Facebook posts were informative in nature. In the posts,
Madore discussed his personal opinions on various issues regarding Clark County’s governance
and invited commentary. There is no evidence in the record that these posts in any way furthered
Clark County’s interests or that Madore was “conducting public business.” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App.
2d at 599. The posts did not contain specific details regarding Clark County Council discussions,
decisions, or other actions. If anything, as Clark County states, the posts furthered Madore’s own
interests by establishing his views on particular policies and inviting discussion among his
constituents.
This case is analogous to Puyallup. In that case, the records at issue were on a Facebook
page called “Friends of Julie Door.” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 589. Door was an elected
Puyallup City Council member. Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 589. The “Friends of Julie Door”
Facebook page did not contain any information related to the conduct of government function; it
was not used or intended to be used to conduct any governmental function; it was publicly
accessible, and it was a campaign site used for campaign purposes. Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at
589. The posts referenced various issues the City of Puyallup was facing. Puyallup, 2 Wn. App.
2d at 590.
We held that the posts were not public records because they did not meet the third element.
Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 599-600. We noted that there was no indication that Door, as a council
member, was acting in her official capacity in preparing those posts or that she was conducting
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public business. Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 599. We stated that while “in a broad sense Door’s
informational posts may have furthered the [c]ity’s interests to some minimal extent . . . this
tangential benefit to the [c]ity [was] not sufficient to establish that Door was acting within the
scope of employment or her official capacity in disseminating general information about the
[c]ity.” Puyallup, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 599.
Similarly here, Madore’s posts on his personal Facebook page fail to meet the third
element. Madore did not prepare the posts within the scope of his employment or official capacity
as a Clark County Council member. In making the posts, Madore was not acting in his official
capacity, conducting public business, or otherwise furthering Clark County’s interests. Therefore,
we hold that the posts on Madore’s personal Facebook page are not public records under RCW
42.56.010(3).
II. EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE
West argues the screenshots were authenticated by him under ER 901, and the superior
court should have taken judicial notice of them under ER 201, and thus, the superior court erred
by not admitting them. We hold that the superior court did not err.
ER 201 allows for a court to take judicial notice of adjudicative facts. These include facts
not in dispute that are either “(1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial
court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy
cannot reasonably be questioned.” ER 201(b). West did not request the superior court take judicial
notice in order to verify the accuracy of the contents of the posts, but rather, he sought to have
them admitted in order to show they were in fact public records. Therefore, ER 201 does not apply
to this issue.
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ER 901 requires a preliminary prima facie showing by the proponent that the evidence “is
what it purports to be.” Rice v. Offshore Sys., Inc., 167 Wn. App. 77, 86, 272 P.3d 865 (2012). It
states that “[t]he requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to
admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is
what its proponent claims.” ER 901(a).
ER 901 illustrates numerous methods by which it may be satisfied. See ER 901(b). These
methods include “[t]estimony that a matter is what it is claimed to be.” ER 901(b). That testimony
must be based upon personal knowledge. SentinelC3, Inc. v. Hunt, 181 Wn.2d 127, 141, 331 P.3d
40 (2014). We have held that screenshots of text messages can properly be admitted into evidence
as long as they meet the requirements under ER 901. See State v. Young, 192 Wn. App. 850, 856-
57, 369 P.3d 205 (2016).
West lacked personal knowledge that the screenshots he sought to admit were what they
were purported to be. West did not have personal knowledge that the posts at issue were written
by Madore rather than somebody else, and West’s declaration does not properly authenticate these
records. See ER 901. Because West failed to properly authenticate the records, we hold that the
superior court did not err by denying admission of the evidence under ER 901.
III. MOTION TO CONTINUE
West also argues that the superior court erred by denying his CR 56(f) motion to continue
the hearing. We hold that the superior court did not err.
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We review a superior court’s ruling on a CR 56(f) motion for an abuse of discretion.
Bavand v. OneWest Bank, FSB, 196 Wn. App. 813, 822, 385 P.3d 233 (2016). Under CR 56(f), a
party requesting a continuance must support his request with an affidavit or declaration. The
superior court may deny the motion for a continuance if: “‘ (1) the requesting party does not offer
a good reason for the delay in obtaining the desired evidence; (2) the requesting party does not
state what evidence would be established through the additional discovery; or (3) the desired
evidence will not raise a genuine issue of material fact.’” Farmer v. Davis, 161 Wn. App. 420,
430-31, 250 P.3d 138 (2011) (quoting Turner v. Kohler, 54 Wn. App. 688, 693, 775 P.2d 474(1989)).
In support of his request for a continuance, West stated that it was “somewhat difficult to
obtain certifications of these records as one would in an ordinary case.” CP at 114. West failed
to offer a good reason for a delay, and he offered no explanation for why he did not attempt to
authenticate the records earlier through Facebook. He also failed to present an affidavit or
declaration to support his motion as required by CR 56(f). And West failed to explain how the
screenshots, if authenticated, would raise a genuine issue of material fact.
Because West did not meet the requirements for a continuance, we hold that the superior
court did not err by denying his motion.
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CONCLUSION
We affirm the superior court’s order granting Clark County’s motion for summary
judgment and dismissal with prejudice, the court’s evidentiary rulings, and the denial of a
continuance.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
SUTTON, J.
I concur:
LEE, C.J.
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MAXA, J. (concurring) — I agree with the majority opinion. I write separately to highlight
the absurdity of the Public Records Act (PRA) claim presented in this case.
David Madore’s personal Facebook page is open to the public. Arthur West had full access
to Madore’s Facebook posts and in fact printed copies of those posts. Nevertheless, West
submitted a PRA request to Clark County for copies of Madore’s Facebook posts. He then filed a
lawsuit against Clark County alleging a PRA violation when the county did not produce them. In
the trial court, West submitted copies of the Facebook posts that he already possessed to show that
Clark County should have provided those same posts. This situation borders on the absurd.
The current version of the PRA does not preclude West from submitting his PRA request.
But I do not believe that the PRA was designed to impose penalties on a public agency for failing
to produce records that are easily accessible and available to the public and that already have been
obtained by the requestor. Making those types of requests forces public agencies to expend
resources responding and litigating these types of cases wastes judicial resources.
The legislature may want to consider whether to amend the PRA to preclude requests
similar to the one here.
MAXA, J.
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