State of Washington v. J.C.M.-O. ( 2021 )

FILED
APRIL 6, 2021
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 37267-7-III
Respondent, )
)
v. ) PUBLISHED OPINION
)
J.C. M-O, )
)
Appellant. )
FEARING, J. — J.C.M-O (Jose) contends on appeal that the juvenile court erred
when failing to consider his youth at sentencing. We affirm the sentence because the
Juvenile Justice Act of 1977 (JJA), chapter 13.40 RCW, already incorporates the
offender’s youth into the act’s sentencing scheme.
FACTS
On appeal, J.C.M-O only challenges his sentence. So we abbreviate the facts
behind the crime committed. The four boys involved in the incident leading to J.C.M-
O’s conviction are minors. Thus, we use first name pseudonyms, beginning with Jose for
J.C.M-O.
No. 37267-7-III
State v. J.C.M-O
Fourteen-year-old Joshua arranged to sell a cell phone to thirteen-year-old Carl, an
acquaintance. To consummate the sale, Carl drove his mother’s Jeep and parked several
houses away from Joshua’s home. Ricardo and sixteen-year-old Jose accompanied Carl.
Carl knocked on Joshua’s window, after which Joshua went outside and
approached the Jeep. Joshua had not known or met Jose before. Near the back of the
Jeep, Joshua demonstrated to Carl and Jose that the cell phone functioned. While Joshua
and Carl remained near the back of the Jeep, Jose walked to the driver’s side of the
vehicle to pretend to grab money to pay for the cell phone.
When Jose returned to the presence of Joshua and Carl, Jose demanded all
possessions on Joshua’s person. Joshua refused to comply, and Jose aimed a handgun at
Joshua’s face. Joshua saw a bullet in the chamber of the firearm, and he felt scared.
Joshua relinquished his cell phone, belt, sweatshirt, shoes, pants, and $5. Jose punched
Joshua’s right cheek, thereby breaking Joshua’s braces from his teeth. Jose warned
Joshua not to snitch or he would kill Joshua.
PROCEDURE
The State of Washington charged Jose, in juvenile court, with one count of
robbery in the first degree. At his bench trial, Jose denied knowing Carl or
accompanying him on the night of the robbery. The trial court found Jose guilty of first-
degree robbery.
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Jose had no prior felony adjudications. The trial court sentenced Jose to a juvenile
standard range sentence of 129 to 260 weeks’ confinement in a juvenile detention facility.
At sentencing, the trial court commented:
It’s a range that I have to impose by law and there is no reason not to
impose that range of 129 to 260 weeks.
Report of Proceedings at 171. Defense counsel neither requested an exceptional sentence
downward nor asked that the court consider Jose’s age as a mitigating factor.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
Jose argues that the trial court should have considered his youth as a mitigating
factor at sentencing, even though defense counsel did not request an exceptional
mitigated sentence. Jose requests that this court remand to a second sentencing judge to
consider his youth. Although the State responds that the sentencing court did not abuse
its discretion when imposing Jose’s sentence, the State suggests that this court remand the
prosecution to the juvenile court so that the court might fully consider the youth of Jose.
We decline to remand and affirm the sentence.
In support of his contention that the juvenile court should have considered his
youth during sentencing, Jose cites only cases analyzing sentencing under the Sentencing
Reform Act of 1981 (SRA), chapter 9.94A RCW. Nevertheless, the State prosecuted
Jose’s case in juvenile court. Therefore, the JJA governs the prosecution and sentencing.
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The JJA already factors the accused’s youth into its sentencing scheme, so the juvenile
court has no need to separately consider the offender’s youth.
The JJA provides “punishment commensurate with the age, crime, and criminal
history of the juvenile offender.” RCW 13.40.010 (2)(d). Unlike the adult SRA, the JJA
retains treatment, in addition to punishment, as one of its express goals. State v. Sledge,
133 Wn.2d 828, 844 n.8, 947 P.2d 1199 (1997).
RCW 13.40.0357 governs standard range sentencing for a juvenile, and states, in
part:
This schedule must be used for juvenile offenders. The court may
select sentencing option A, B, C, or D.
(Emphasis added.) Only options A and D relate to Jose’s sentencing. Option A
establishes the standard range sentences trial courts may impose, depending on the
severity rating of the crime. RCW 13.40.0357. “A++” is the highest rating category for
a crime under the JJA, and the rating carries a standard range sentence of 129 to 260
weeks’ confinement. RCW 13.40.0357. Robbery in the first degree committed by a
sixteen- or seventeen-year-old is an A++ offense. RCW 13.40.0357.
Option D allows a court to impose a manifest injustice sentence outside of the
standard ranges listed under option A. RCW 13.40.0357, which mentions option D,
declares:
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If the court determines that a disposition under option A, B, or C
would effectuate a manifest injustice, the court shall impose a disposition
outside the standard range under RCW 13.40.160(2).
The JJA directs juvenile courts to conduct a disposition hearing, at which time they must
consider whether any mitigating factors exist at sentencing. RCW 13.40.150(3)(h).
Under the SRA, a party generally cannot appeal a standard range sentence.
RCW 9.94A.585(1); State v. Brown, 145 Wn. App. 62, 77, 184 P.3d 1284 (2008). The
trial court cannot abuse its discretion as a matter of law as to the sentence’s length if the
trial court imposes a sentence within the standard range set by the legislature. State v.
Brown, 145 Wn. App. at 78. These principles apply to sentencing in juvenile court. State
v. M.L., 114 Wn. App. 358, 361, 57 P.3d 644 (2002). A defendant may appeal his or her
standard range sentence, however, if the trial court failed to follow a required procedure.
State v. M.L., 114 Wn. App. 358, 361 (2002). We review a standard range sentence if the
sentencing court failed to exercise discretion or relied on an improper basis for refusing
to impose an exceptional downward sentence. State v. McFarland, 189 Wn.2d 47, 56,
399 P.3d 1106 (2017).
Jose relies on his youth as a factor that should have compelled the juvenile court to
impose a manifest injustice sentence. In turn, he cites, among other youth sentencing
decisions, State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d 1, 8, 391 P.3d 409 (2017), in which the
Washington Supreme Court recognized that juveniles are less culpable than adults for
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their criminal conduct. Jose argues that the Houston-Sconiers court’s holding requires
both an adult court and a juvenile court to consider a juvenile offender’s youthfulness.
We reject Jose’s argument. The state Supreme Court’s holding in State v.
Houston-Sconiers only relates to cases when the State prosecutes a minor in adult court.
Other decisions cited by Jose also only pertain to sentencing in adult court. The Supreme
Court, in State v. Houston-Sconiers, wrote:
Because “children are different” under the Eighth Amendment and
hence “criminal procedure laws” must take the defendants’ youthfulness
into account, sentencing courts must have absolute discretion to depart as
far as they want below otherwise applicable SRA ranges and/or sentencing
enhancement when sentencing juveniles in adult court, regardless of how
the juvenile got there.
State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d at 9 (emphasis added).
Jose argues that Houston-Sconiers should not be read narrowly. He quotes the
following passage from the 2017 decision:
In accordance with Miller [v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S. Ct.
2455, 183 L. Ed. 2d 407 (2012)], we hold that sentencing courts must have
complete discretion to consider mitigating circumstances associated with
the youth of any juvenile defendant, even in the adult criminal justice
system.
State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d at 21. Because the high court wrote that
youthfulness may be considered for “any” juvenile defendant, Jose contends that
youthfulness should be a mitigating factor in juvenile court, in addition to adult court.
We disagree. The Washington Supreme Court also declared that sentencing courts have
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discretion to sentence outside the standard range in SRA cases, “when sentencing
juveniles in adult court.” State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d at 9 (emphasis added).
Applying the rationale behind Houston-Sconiers in juvenile court makes no sense.
Since the JJA already reflects the youth of the offender, the juvenile court would consider
the youth of the accused twice if it followed Houston-Sconiers. The JJA imposes
significantly shorter sentences than the SRA does for offenders convicted in adult court
of equivalent crimes. Additionally, the JJA imposes different standard range sentences
depending on the age of the juvenile.
Jose complains that the juvenile court refused to consider the possibility of a
manifest injustice sentence. Nevertheless, Jose forwards on appeal no reason for a low
sentence other than his youth. If he had posited another factor before the juvenile court
and reposited that factor before this court, we might agree to remand for the juvenile
court to consider a downward sentence.
Jose also contends that his sentencing counsel performed ineffectively when
failing to ask for an exceptional sentence due to Jose’s youth. Because we rule that the
juvenile court should not have separately considered Jose’s youth, we conclude that his
counsel did not perform below the standard of care.
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CONCLUSION
We affirm J.C.M-O’s sentence.
_________________________________
Fearing, J.
WE CONCUR:
______________________________
Siddoway, J.
______________________________
Pennell, C.J.
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