Jill C. Barber v. Camden Clark Memorial Hospital Corp. ( 2018 )

FILED
No. 17-0643 – Barber v. Camden Clark Memorial Hospital
June 29, 2018
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
KAUFMAN, Tod J., concurring: SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
“Privacy is a key civil liberty which defines who we are as Americans.”1
The most important part of this case, in my opinion, is about privacy. I write
separately to support the majority opinion and to emphasize the privacy aspect implied in
it.
Mental Health Treatment and Records
This case is about mental health and mental health records pursuant to W.Va.
Code § 27-3-1. The hospital moved, and the lower court ruled on W.Va.R.Civ.P. Rule
12(b)(6) that W.Va. Code § 27-3-1 cannot state a cause of action when W.Va. Code § 57-
5-4a et seq. (subpoena for records) is followed. This Court respectfully disagrees.
Mental Health
For far too long, mental health treatment has been stigmatized. Mental health
treatment can include various neurological and psychological issues. It can include many
different types of treatment and the records concerning it, including the myriad of mental
1
Apple CEO Tim Cook, New User Protections (CNN Television Broadcast June 4, 2018).
1
health issues caused by the opiate epidemic, its treatment of addiction, as well as the mental
health records generated from this treatment.
Mental health includes “our emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
[it] is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood.”2
Mental Health can include alcoholism, depression, autism, and PTSD, and hundreds of
other illnesses, far too numerous to cite.3 Moreover, mental health treatment and the
records generated from the treatment are equal protection issues: mental health knows no
age limitations, racial barriers, genetic make-up, and sadly, sometimes no cure. This case
about the legal privacy of mental health records exposes just one more hurdle in the equal
protection battle for those dealing with mental health treatment and records, and for those
whose lives without protection run the risk of being further marginalized.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act hereinafter
(“HIPPA”) (42 U.S.C.A. § 1320a – 7c(a)(3)(B)(ii)), protects disclosure of records and
treatment, creating a federal privacy and liberty interest that deserves constitutional
protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. In my opinion, this state’s mental health
statute (W.Va. Code § 27-3-1) implies a liberty interest that can be characterized as a “right
of privacy,” consistent with HIPPA and W.Va. Code § 27-3-1. This Court should protect
2
What is Mental Health?, Mental Health.gov, https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-
is-mental-health. (August 29, 2017).
3
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®) (American Psychiatric
Association Publishing, 5th ed. 2018).
2
the privacy of these records and recognize the interest of privacy for what it is. “It is an
interest (through codification of 27-3-1) which cannot be taken away without due process
of law.”4,5
Not long after I began my public service career as a West Virginia State
Senator in 1982, I advocated for the bill to require mental health insurance coverage to be
provided by insurance carriers in all state public employee insurance policies that offered
physical health protection. The stigma on mental health concerns then, as now, were
evident. In years to come, mental health coverage was, and is presently, covered under
provisions of the public health insurance plan “(PEIA)” and other health insurance plans,
as it should be, consistent with equal protection of health plans for mental health treatment.
4
Beaney, The Constitutional Right to Privacy in the Supreme Court, 1962 SUP.CT.REV.
212; citing Nutting, The Fifth Amendment and Privacy, 18 U. PITT. L. REV. 533 (1957).
5
“It can be argued that if free speech, free press, and freedom of religion can all be found
implicit in the term ‘liberty’ in the Fourteenth Amendment, little more is needed to add the
right to privacy to that list. On the other hand, it is true that by including the meaning of
First Amendment rights in the Fourteenth Amendment a court has the guidance furnished
by First Amendment cases. In the course of examining the power of the federal government
to refuse to issue passports, the Court stated that the right to travel is a part of the ‘liberty’
of which the citizen cannot be deprived without due process of law under the Fifth
Amendment, a conclusion with which the Solicitor General agreed. It is only a short step,
then, to assert that the right to privacy, like the right to travel, is essential to a free society
and that interference with that right is an intrusion on the ‘liberty’ of the person affected.”
Id. at 249; citing Kent v. Dulles, 357 U.S. 116 (1958).
3
Statutory Backdrop
It was not until 2007 that the process for disclosure of confidential mental
health information as defined by W.Va. Code § 27-3-1(a), at issue herein, was added to our
West Virginia Code. Unless one of the exceptions in W.Va. Code § 27-3-1(b) as applied
to the patient is met, or the individual has authorized the disclosure provided in W.Va.
Code § 27-3-2 (2007) or a Court has approved same after the documents in question are
presented to a Court for an in camera review to determine through a “balancing test”6 of
interests as required by federal and state law, then mental health records can not be
disclosed. These statutory requirements were not met in the case below. Thus, the privacy
of a citizen’s record who had before sought mental health treatment was violated by
disclosure. See HIPPA; 42 U.S.C.A.§ 1320(a) W.Va. Code § 27-3-1 et seq.
In this case, the courts are essentially balancing the interests of the mental
health patients, a minority interest if you will, against a large provider of health care to see
6
“Balancing” means for a trial judge to determine whether the public interest (in the ends
of justice) to disclose records outweighs the privacy of records protected from disclosure.
In these in camera reviews, which the undersigned has performed over the past 30 years as
a trial judge, name and events can be redacted by the trial judge to protect certain privacy.
In other instances, after reviewing documents in camera, the trial judge may only permit
seeing but not copying court records. Further, an errata sheet can be prepared and no
disclosure authorized; courts can place records under seal and not disclose, pending review
by the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. These are not exhaustive or innovative
techniques by any stretch that may be used by a trial judge in determining disclosure or
privilege in camera review, only some. Judges should use their judicial discretion and the
judicial process available to always find the privacy in their records first, and then the
determination of justice shall follow.
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what kind of weight to give to each side of this case, with the weight of authority on the
citizen’s “privacy” side of the equation.
The Statutes in the Case
The statutory construction governing disclosure of medical records (W.Va.
Code § 57-5-4a) involves subpoenas and the compliance on its face of the subpoena while
the privacy contained in the specific code section controlling mental health records (W.Va.
Code § 27-3-1) serves as a separate protection of privacy over and above the general
subpoena (57-5-4a). If mental health records were released without the interpretation as
made by the majority opinion, the provisions of 27-3-1(a) would simply lack any efficacy
or meaning, and render protection (non-disclosure without consent or a court order) as if
there were no statutory protection in W.Va. Code § 27-3-1(a) at all. This was done below
at the trial court level in Wood County by the granting of the Rule 12(b)(6) motion7,8 and
it is this ruling which the majority reverses herein.
As the dissenting opinion discusses legislative intent, the undersigned does
agree that an important part of statutory construction could be to ascertain and give effect
7
A motion for W.Va.R.Civ.P. Rule 12(b)(6) should rarely be granted by the trial court. Its
jurisprudence is to resolve disputes on the merits. Here, as the majority holds, there is a
cause of action under W.Va. Code § 27-3-1 as a matter of law.
8
The trial court, in appraising the sufficiency of complaint on a motion to dismiss for
failure to state a claim, should not dismiss the complaint unless it appears beyond doubt
that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of the claim which would entitle him
or her to relief. W.Va.R.Civ.P 12(b)(6); see also Holbrook v. Holbrook, 474 196 W. Va.
720 S.E.2d 900, (1996).
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to the intent of the legislature. Statutes should be interpreted the way they were intended
by the legislature to be applied. However, we don’t have any published “legislative intent”
in our part-time West Virginia legislature per se, unless the legislative journals each day
or committee notes could be considered such. In this regard, however, the Code Section on
mental health record disclosure is a privacy statute and is required to be read co-
terminously with other disclosure statutes of all other medical records. One needs little
more than to be a strict constructionist to interpret W.Va. Code § 27-3-1 as it is intended.
The dissent is correct in emphasizing that “it is the duty of the courts, in the construction
of statutes, to harmonize and reconcile laws, and to adopt that construction of a statutory
provision which harmonizes and reconciles it with other statutory provisions.” State v.
Williams, 196 W.Va. 639, 641, 474 S.E.2d 569, 571 (1996)(quoting State ex rel. Pinson v.
Varney, 142 W.Va. 105, 109-10, 96 S.E.2d 72, 75 (1956)). This Court vehemently
disagrees with the dissent on how the statutory provisions are harmonized and reconciled.
As the old saying goes, there is nothing wrong with the lamb and the lion lying down next
to each other . . . just as long as the lamb is not inside the belly of the lion . . . .
The Subpoena
The issuing of a subpoena is a powerful tool.9 One using it, the lawyer or the
layperson with the Clerk’s signature, essentially, is acting like one who is acting in the
9
Subpoenas command each person to whom it is directed to attend and give testimony or
to produce and permit inspection and copying of designated books, documents or tangible
things in the possession, custody or control of that person, or to permit inspection of
premises, at a time and place therein specified. W.Va.R.Civ.P. 45.
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name of the State. Not only are subpoenas powerful tools in discovery, but they can be
issued and signed by any attorney as an officer of the Court. See W.Va.R.Civ.P. 45(a)(3).
Without the limitations and exceptions of W.Va. Code § 27-3-1 et seq., the subpoena
becomes an over-reaching method for potential abuse and can be used to invade the liberty
interests of citizens who have sought mental health treatment. Without the requirements of
W.Va. Code § 27-3-1 read in pari materia10, with W.Va. Code § 57-5-4a, the subpoena can
cause unnecessary delays, unnecessary costs and an evisceration of the rights of citizens in
the name of our court system constructed to protect the very rights sought to be preserved.
Concurring Ruling
For these additional reasons, and particularly the constitutional one on the
issue of privacy, I concur in the majority’s opinion and result. By concurring, I would also
reverse the Rule 12(b)(6) Order by the lower court and permit amending the complaint,
allowing this mental health action to proceed to trial.
10
[Latin, Upon the same subject.] A designation applied to statutes or general laws that
were enacted at different times but pertain to the same subject or object. Statutes in pari
materia must be interpreted in light of each other since they have a common purpose for
comparable events or items. West’s Encyclopedia of American Law (The Gale Group, Inc,
2nd ed. 2008).
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