North Fork Land & Cattle, Lllp v. First American Title Insurance Company , 362 P.3d 341 ( 2015 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING
2015 WY 150OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2015
November 24, 2015
NORTH FORK LAND & CATTLE,
LLLP,
Appellant
(Plaintiff),
v. S-14-0314
FIRST AMERICAN TITLE
INSURANCE COMPANY,
Appellee
(Defendant).
Appeal from the District Court of Fremont County
The Honorable Norman E. Young, Judge
Representing Appellant:
M. Gregory Weisz of Pence and MacMillan LLC, Laramie, Wyoming.
Representing Appellee:
James R. Salisbury and Anthony M. Reyes of Riske, Salisbury & Reyes, P.C.,
Cheyenne, Wyoming. Argument by Mr. Salisbury.
Before BURKE, C.J., and HILL, KITE*, DAVIS, and FOX, JJ.
*Justice Kite retired from judicial office effective August 3, 2015. Pursuant to Article 5,
§ 5 of the Wyoming Constitution and Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 5-1-106(f) (LexisNexis 2015), she
was reassigned to act on this matter on August 4, 2015.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third.
Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building,
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of typographical or other formal errors so correction may be made
before final publication in the permanent volume.
KITE, Justice, Ret.
[¶1] North Fork Land & Cattle, LLLP (North Fork) appeals from the district court’s
order granting summary judgment in favor of First American Title Insurance Company
(First American). The district court ruled that North Fork was not an insured under title
insurance policies issued by First American to North Fork’s predecessors and, therefore,
was not entitled to assert claims for damages resulting from an undisclosed encumbrance
on the properties.
[¶2] We conclude the district court did not apply the appropriate test to determine the
meaning of the insurance contract, and, when the correct rules are applied, North Fork
qualifies as an insured successor. Consequently, we reverse and remand.
ISSUES
[¶3] North Fork presents the following issues for review:
I. Whether the district court improperly added language to
a title insurance policy requiring that in order for a
transfer of real property to qualify as a transfer by
“operation of law” that the transfer must have been done
only involuntarily, and therefore whether summary
judgment was appropriate when the non-moving party
provided uncontroverted evidence showing that it is
entitled to coverage as a fiduciary/corporate successor to
the named insured in the policy.
II. Whether the named insured party in a title insurance
policy retained an estate and interest in the real property
when the named insured was the co-organizer, general
partner, limited partner, manager and beneficiary in a
limited liability limited partnership that owns the real
property and the named insured is entitled to a
distribution in kind upon dissolution of the entity.
III. Whether the domestication and name change of a
foreign limited liability limited partnership from
Colorado to Wyoming and recording of a quitclaim deed
done to memorialize the name change of record caused
the loss of the warranty of title to the limited liability
limited partnership from which it obtained title to the
real property.
1
First American does not offer a separate statement of the issues on appeal.
FACTS
[¶4] Between 1983 and 1999, Ronald and Carol Hansen purchased five separate
properties and combined them to form a ranch in Fremont County, Wyoming. The
Hansens held title to four of the properties as husband and wife. They obtained title
insurance on the properties from First American and were named personally as insureds.
Mr. Hansen held title to the other parcel as trustee of his revocable trust, and the First
American title insurance policy listed him as an insured in that capacity.
[¶5] In November 2000, Mr. Hansen conveyed the trust property to himself and his
wife, and the Hansens then conveyed all of the properties by warranty deed to Hansens’
North Fork Ranch, LLLP (HNF), a Colorado limited liability limited partnership. The
limited liability limited partnership was created by the Hansens specifically for estate
planning purposes, and Mr. Hansen passed away shortly after the conveyances.
Wyoming later enacted legislation authorizing limited liability limited partnerships, and,
in 2009, HNF converted to a Wyoming limited liability limited partnership and changed
its name to North Fork Land & Cattle, LLLP. HNF quitclaimed the properties to North
Fork to update the recorded legal title of the properties.
[¶6] In 2008, the district court declared that Bunker Road, which crosses three of North
Fork’s properties, was established as a county road by Fremont County in 1913. King v.
Bd. of County Comm’rs of the County of Fremont, 2010 WY 154, ¶ 9, 244 P.3d 473, 476
(Wyo. 2010). HNF intervened and contested the county road in the King action. This
Court affirmed the county road designation in 2010. Id., ¶ 1, 244 P.3d at 474.
[¶7] First American failed to disclose that Bunker Road burdened the properties when
the title insurance policies were issued to the Hansens. North Fork submitted notices of
claims under the title insurance policies, asserting it was damaged by the Bunker Road
encumbrance. First American did not respond to North Fork’s claims, and North Fork
filed suit against the insurer.
[¶8] First American filed a motion for summary judgment on several bases. The
district court granted summary judgment in favor of the insurer, concluding that North
Fork did not meet the definition of “insured” under the title insurance policies and the
Hansens could not be held liable under the warranty provisions of the policies because
HNF transferred the properties to North Fork by quitclaim deeds. North Fork appealed.
2
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[¶9] Our standard of review for a summary judgment order is de novo. Fayard v.
Design Comm. of the Homestead Subdivision, 2010 WY 51, ¶ 9, 230 P.3d 299, 302
(Wyo. 2010); Wyo. Med. Ctr. v. Wyo. Ins. Guarantee Ass’n, 2010 WY 21, ¶ 11, 225 P.3d
1061, 1064 (Wyo. 2010). Summary judgments are governed by W.R.C.P. 56(c):
The judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show
that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
A summary judgment, interlocutory in character, may be
rendered on the issue of liability alone although there is a
genuine issue as to the amount of damages.
Reviewing a summary judgment decision,
we have exactly the same duty as the district judge; and, if
there is a complete record before us, we have exactly the
same material as did [the district judge]. We must follow the
same standards. The propriety of granting a motion for
summary judgment depends upon the correctness of a court’s
dual findings that there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact and that the prevailing party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. This court looks at the record from the
viewpoint most favorable to the party opposing the motion,
giving to him all favorable inferences to be drawn from the
facts contained in affidavits, depositions and other proper
material appearing in the record.
McGarvey v. Key Pro. Mgmt. LLC, 2009 WY 84, ¶ 10, 211 P.3d 503, 506 (Wyo. 2009),
quoting Nowotny v. L & B Contract Indus., 933 P.2d 452, 455 (Wyo. 1997).
[¶10] Interpretation of the contractual language is a matter of law for the court, provided
the language is clear and unambiguous. Cheek v. Jackson Wax Museum, Inc., 2009 WY
151, ¶ 12, 220 P.3d 1288, 1290 (Wyo. 2009); Vargas Ltd. Partnership v. Four “H”
Ranches Architectural Control Comm., 2009 WY 26, ¶ 11, 202 P.3d 1045, 1050 (Wyo.
2009). If the language is not clear or there are other material issues of fact, summary
judgment is not appropriate. Fayard, ¶ 10, 230 P.3d at 302.
3
DISCUSSION
[¶11] The legislature addressed title insurance in the Wyoming Title Insurance Act,
Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 26-23-301 through 336 (LexisNexis 2015). Section 26-23-
303(a)(xxi) defines a title insurance policy, in relevant part, as:
(xxi) “Title insurance policy” or “policy” means a contract
wherein, subject to the stated terms and conditions, a title
insurer insures, guarantees or indemnifies owners of real or
personal property or the holders of liens or encumbrances
thereon or others interested therein against loss or damage
suffered by reason of:
(A) Defects in, adverse claims, liens or encumbrances
in the title to the stated property;
(B) Unmarketability of the title to the stated property;
(C) Guaranteeing, warranting or otherwise insuring by
a title insurance company the correctness of searches relating
to the title to property;
(D) Defects in the authorization, execution or delivery
of an encumbrance upon such property[.]
....
[¶12] Consistent with the statutory definition, this Court provided an overview of the
purposes of title insurance in Haines v. Old Republic Nat’l Title Ins. Co., 2008 WY 31, ¶
10, 178 P.3d 1086, 1089 (Wyo. 2008) (internal citations omitted):
A title insurance policy protects the insured against loss or
damage as a result of defects in or the unmarketability of the
insured’s title to real property. [T]he duty owed to an insured
that arises through the issuance of a title insurance policy
is contractual and subject to the policy’s stated terms and
conditions.
Title insurance policies provide indemnification to insureds damaged by title defects.
The predominant view today is that title insurance—at least
as to its first party aspect—is a contract of indemnity, and not
a contract of guaranty or warranty. Consequently, a title
insurer does not “guarantee” the status of the grantor’stitle.
As an indemnity agreement, the insurer agrees to reimburse
the insured for loss or damage sustained as a result of title
4
problems, as long as coverage for the damages incurred is not
excluded from the policy . . . .
Id. at 1090, quoting Stewart Title Guaranty Co. v. West, 676 A.2d 953, 960-62 (Md. Ct.
App. 1996) (emphasis in original).
[¶13] Resolution of the case at bar requires interpretation of the title insurance policies.
The policies are standard American Land Title Association (ALTA) forms from 1970
through 1992, and they all contain the same relevant language. Two provisions of the
title insurance policies are particularly important to this case. Paragraph 1(a) defines an
“insured” as:
The insured named in Schedule A, and, subject to any rights
or defenses the Company may have had against the named
insured, those who succeed to the interest of such insured by
operation of law as distinguished from purchase including,
but not limited to, heirs, distributees, devisees, survivors,
personal representatives, next of kin, or corporate or fiduciary
successors.
Paragraph 2 addresses the continuation of insurance after conveyance of title:
The coverage of this policy shall continue in force as of Date
of Policy in favor of an insured so long as such insured
retains an estate or interest in the land, or holds an
indebtedness secured by a purchase money mortgage given
by a purchaser from such insured, or so long as such insured
shall have liability by reason of covenants of warranty made
by such insured in any transfer or conveyance of such estate
or interest; provided, however, this policy shall not continue
in force in favor of any purchaser from such insured of either
said estate or interest or the indebtedness secured by a
purchase money mortgage given to such insured.
[¶14] This Court has historically applied certain parameters to interpret insurance
policies. In Doctors’ Co. v. Ins. Corp. of America, 864 P.2d 1018, 1023-24 (Wyo. 1993),
we explained that courts interpret insurance policies like other contracts but give the
language the plain meaning a reasonable insured would understand it to mean.
Our established rules of contract interpretation apply to
insurance policies. Albany County School Dist. No. 1, 763
P.2d at 1258; Hursh Agency, Inc. v. Wigwam Homes, Inc.,
664 P.2d 27, 31 (Wyo.1983). Interpretation is the process of
5
ascertaining the meaning of the words used to express the
intent of the parties. Commercial Union Ins. Co. v. Stamper,
732 P.2d 534, 539 (Wyo.1987); 4 Walter H.E. Jaeger,
Williston on Contracts § 600A at 286 (3d. ed. 1961). The
intent of the parties is determined by considering the
instrument which memorializes the agreement of the parties
as a whole. Klutznick v. Thulin, 814 P.2d 1267, 1270
(Wyo.1991). This court utilizes a standard of
interpretation for insurance policies which declares that
the words used are given the plain meaning that a
reasonable person, in the position of the insured,
understands them to mean. Worthington v. State, 598 P.2d
796, 806 (Wyo.1979); Wilson v. Hawkeye Casualty Co., 67
Wyo. 141, 215 P.2d 867, 873–74 (1950). See also Abifadel v.
Cigna Ins. Co, 8 Cal.App.4th 145, 9 Cal.Rptr.2d 910, 919
(1992).
If the language is unambiguous, our examination is
confined to the “four corners” of an integrated contract and
[parol] evidence is not admitted to contradict the plain
meaning. Prudential Preferred Properties v. J and J
Ventures, Inc., 859 P.2d 1267, 1271 (Wyo.1993). The
language of an insurance policy is ambiguous if it is capable
of more than one reasonable interpretation. Helfand v.
National Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., 10
Cal.App.4th 869, 13 Cal.Rptr.2d 295, 299 (1992). Because
insurance policies represent contracts of adhesion where the
insured has little or no bargaining power to vary the terms, if
the language is ambiguous, the policy is strictly construed
against the insurer. Albany County School Dist. No. 1, 763
P.2d at 1258; 7 Walter H.E. Jaeger, Williston on Contracts §
900 at 19, 29 (3d ed. 1963). However, the language will not
be “ ‘tortured’ ” to create an ambiguity. Stamper, 732 P.2d at
539 (quoting McKay v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc. of United
States, 421 P.2d 166, 168 (Wyo.1966)).
Id. (emphasis added). See also Kirkwood v. CUNA Mut. Ins. Soc’y, 937 P.2d 206,
208 (Wyo. 1997) (interpreting an unambiguous insurance policy in the context of
a summary judgment by giving the words used the plain meaning that a reasonable
person, in the position of the insured, would understand them to mean); Gainsco
Ins. Co. v. Amoco Prod. Co., 2002 WY 122, ¶ 47, 53 P.3d 1051, 1066 (Wyo.
2002) (stating “[w]e interpret insurance policies just as we interpret other
contracts, except that words used in an insurance policy are given the plain
6
meaning that a person in the position of the insured would understand them to
mean”).
Paragraph 1(a) of Policy
[¶15] As we stated above, Paragraph 1(a) of all the policies at issue in the present case
defined an “insured” as:
the insured named in Schedule A, and, subject to any rights or
defenses the Company may have had against the named
insured, those who succeed to the interest of such insured by
operation of law as distinguished from purchase including,
but not limited to, heirs, distributees, devisees, survivors,
personal representatives, next of kin, or corporate or fiduciary
successors.
[¶16] Granting summary judgment in favor of First American, the district court ruled the
Hansens’ transfer of the properties to HNF did not occur by “operation of law;”
consequently, neither limited liability limited partnership qualified as an insured under
Paragraph 1(a) of the policy. The phrase “operation of law” is not defined in the policy,
and the district court relied upon Shotmeyer v. New Jersey Realty Title Ins. Co., 948 A.2d
600 (N.J. 2008), in determining the meaning of this policy language. The New Jersey
court focused on the technical meaning of the term “operation of law,” in concluding the
successor to the named insured did not fall within the title policy’s definition of
“insured.” The court stated that a transfer occurs by “operation of law” only when it is
automatic or involuntary under the law. Id. at 608. See also Pioneer Nat’l Title Ins. Co.
v. Child, Inc., 401 A.2d 68, 71 (Del.1979) (“operation of law” means “the manner in
which a person acquires rights without any act of his own”); Black’s Law Dictionary
1265 (10th ed. 2014) (operation of law means a legal outcome that automatically occurs
whether or not the affected party intends it to). Although it emphasized the involuntary
nature of a transfer by operation of law, the Shotmeyer court also recognized that another
New Jersey case had concluded a voluntary transfer of assets from a dissolved
corporation, pursuant to a plan of liquidation, occurred by operation of law under the title
insurance language. Id. at 608, citing Historic Smithville Dev. Co. v. Chelsea Title &
Guar. Co., 184 N.J. Super. 282, 291–93, 445 A.2d 1174 (Ch. Div. 1981), aff’d, 190 N.J.
Super. 567, 464 A.2d 1177 (App. Div. 1983).
[¶17] As demonstrated by this apparent inconsistency in New Jersey jurisprudence, the
legalistic definition of the phrase “operation of law” is not easy to apply. The technical
distinction between voluntary actions and those that are involuntary and therefore occur
“by operation of law” has been fodder for numerous court opinions in various
circumstances. See B. Burke, Law of Title Ins., § 5.01[A], 5-8 through 5-10 (3rd ed.
2014) and cases collected therein. The United States Supreme Court long ago remarked
7
on the inherent difficulty of determining whether a consolidation of a national and state
bank occurred by operation of law:
If the words ‘wholly by operation of law,’ as used in the
administrative regulations, refer here to the entire process of
consolidation, of which the transfer of securities is an
essential part, the exemption cannot be applied. But in a
broad sense, few if any transfers ever take place ‘wholly by
operation of law’ for every transfer must necessarily be a part
of a chain of human events, rarely if ever other than voluntary
in character. Thus to give any real substance to the
exemption, we must take a more narrow view and examine
the transfer apart from its general background. We must look
only to the immediate mechanism by which the transfer is
made effective. If that mechanism is entirely statutory,
effecting an automatic transfer without any voluntary action
by the parties, then the transfer may truly be said to be
‘wholly by operation of law.’
United States v. Seattle-First Nat’l Bank, 321 U.S. 583, 587-88, 64 S. Ct. 713, 88 L. Ed.
944 (1944).
[¶18] It appears the majority of courts that have considered the meaning of the
“operation of law” language in standard ALTA policies have applied a narrow
interpretation and concluded it included only involuntary transfers. See, e.g., Shotmeyer,
supra; Pioneer, supra; Kwok v. Transnation Title Ins. Co., 89 Cal. Rptr. 3d 141 (Cal. Ct.
App. 2009). These cases focus on the technical definition of “operation of law” with
little or no inquiry into the intent of the parties or how a reasonable insured would
understand the policy language. Likewise, the district court in this case did not consider
the plain meaning of the language but simply relied on Shotmeyer in ruling North Fork
was not an insured because the transfer of the properties to HNF did not occur
involuntarily or automatically under the law.
[¶19] We are unable to square the district court’s and the other courts’ decisions with
our rules of insurance contract interpretation, which require that we look to the plain
meaning of the language as a reasonable insured would. See generally, Ecosystem Res.,
L.C. v. Broadbent Land & Res., L.L.C., 2007 WY 87, ¶ 34, 158 P.3d 685, 693-94 (Wyo.
2007) (stating that it is improper to apply a rule obtained from cases outside Wyoming
“without considering whether the ‘rule’ was consistent with the general intent of the
parties to the . . . deeds”). When our rules of insurance contract interpretation are applied
to the title insurance policy at issue here, the language is clear and unambiguous.
Although “operation of law” is not a term that is part of the common vernacular, its
meaning becomes clear when we consider it within the context of the whole provision.
8
See, e.g., State ex rel. Arnold v. Ommen, 2009 WY 24, ¶ 40, 201 P.3d 1127, 1138 (Wyo.
2009) (“[w]e interpret contracts as a whole, reading each provision in light of all the
others to find the plain and ordinary meaning of the words”).
[¶20] The policy refines the definition of “operation of law” by distinguishing it from
transfers by “purchase.” The technical meaning of purchase is to acquire property
through voluntary transaction, rather than by descent or inheritance. Black’s Law
Dictionary 1429 (10th ed. 2014). However, in common parlance, “purchase” means “to
acquire by the payment of money or its equivalent; buy.” Random House Dictionary
(2015). See also, Albrecht v. Zwaanshoek Holding EN Financiering, B.V., 816 P.2d 808,
814 (Wyo. 1991) (holding that the plain meaning of the phrase “to redeem the real estate
by paying to the purchaser * * * the amount of the purchase price” in a statute was that
the “redeemer must pay in money or its equivalent”). Thus, the ordinary meaning of a
transfer by operation of law would be one that did not involve an exchange of money or
other equivalent consideration.
[¶21] The plain and ordinary meaning of “those who succeed to the interest of such
insured by operation of law” must also be determined in light of the examples of covered
successors provided in the policies, including but not “limited to heirs, distributees,
devisees, survivors, personal representatives, next of kin, or corporate or fiduciary
successors.” Mr. Burke in Law of Title Insurance at 5-9 observes that not all of the
transferees listed in the title insurance policy as taking “by operation of law” take by
involuntary transfer. He gives “devisee” as an example. Various voluntary actions must
take place for a devisee to receive title to a property, including the voluntary act of a
testator incorporating the devise of the property in his will and the consent of the devisee
to take under the will. Id. Additionally, before a devisee takes from a will, the personal
representative must submit the will to probate, the probate court must order the
distribution after ensuring that all creditors have been paid, and the property must pass
out of the estate in the form of a personal representative’s or executor’s deed. See Wyo.
Stat. Ann. §§ 2-7-201 through 206, 602 through 627, 701 through 729, 813 (LexisNexis
2015). These actions are not necessarily automatic or involuntary. As recognized by the
New Jersey Superior Court in Historic Smithville, 445 A.2d at 1179, “[t]ruly automatic
transfers of title to real property occur only by survivorship in a joint tenancy and through
intestate succession.” Thus, the list of examples of transfers by operation of law in
Paragraph 1(a) extend the meaning of that phrase beyond its technical definition of only
involuntary or automatic transfers.
[¶22] Transfers to fiduciary or corporate successors are included within the list of
transfers by operation of law which qualify for continued coverage of the title insurance
policies. The order of the words in the phrase is important. The terms fiduciary and
corporate modify successor, much like the term football modifies game in the phrase
“football game.” That term tells the reader that it is “game” that described by the
preceding noun as involving a “football.” If we reverse those words they mean
9
something else entirely, a “game football.” That would be a football which is further
defined as the one used in the game. Therefore, under the title policies, the terms
corporate and fiduciary modify successor.
[¶23] Some authorities would extend coverage only when a fiduciary or corporation is a
named insured and is succeeded by another fiduciary or corporation. For example, in
Carney-Dunphy v. Title Co. of Jersey, 2009 WL 1874060, *7 (D.N.J. 2009), the United
States District court for the District of New Jersey reasoned that a “‘fiduciary successor,’
more frequently called a ‘successor fiduciary,’ is a ‘fiduciary who is appointed to succeed
or replace a prior one.’ Black’s Law Dictionary 640 (7th ed.1999) (emphasis added).”
In order to reach this result, the court reversed the words in the policy. As explained
above, the reversal of the words is not appropriate and changes the meaning of the terms.
Applying the language actually used in the policy, “corporate or fiduciary successor,” the
policy covers a named insured’s successor that is a fiduciary or corporate entity.1
[¶24] With these principles in mind, we turn to the circumstances of this case. The
Hansens transferred their individual interests in the properties to the HNF limited liability
limited partnership. No money or other valuable consideration changed hands when the
properties were transferred into HNF, so a reasonable insured would not have believed
the transfers were “purchases” under with the plain meaning of that term. The Hansens’
transfers were made in accordance with partnership law and under the terms of a
partnership agreement which restricted transfers of partnership interests outside of the
family. The Hansens’ undisputed intent was to provide a means of passing their property
to their heirs. This is exactly the same intent as other transfers that are expressly included
within the policy definition of transfers occurring by “operation of law,” i.e., transfers to
“heirs, distributees, devisees, survivors, personal representatives [and] next of kin.”
[¶25] In addition, HNF qualifies as the Hansens’ corporate successor. The Hansens
transferred the property to HNF, which is a limited liability limited partnership. Limited
liability limited partnerships are recognized business entities in Colorado and Wyoming.
See Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 17-14-202(a)(xv), 17-14-301, 17-14-503 (LexisNexis 2015);
C.R.S.A. § 7-64-1002. In transferring their interests to the partnership, the Hansens
retained ownership of the entity, as both general and limited partners. The partnership
was, therefore, their successor which was corporate in nature.
[¶26] HNF was also the Hansens’ fiduciary successor. “[A] general partner of a limited
partnership has a fiduciary duty of loyalty to the limited partnership, as well as a duty of
good faith and fair dealing.” Wallop Canyon Ranch, LLC v. Goodwyn, 2015 WY 81, ¶
49, 351 P.3d 943, 957 (Wyo. 2015). HNF and the partners, therefore, had fiduciary
1
Our interpretation of the terms would also include corporate entities or fiduciaries whose predecessors
held title to the property in the same capacity, i.e. a predecessor corporation or fiduciary that was a named
insured.
10
relationships and responsibilities.
[¶27] Clearly, the Hansens’ successor, HNF, fell within the title policies’ definition of
“insured” in several ways. North Fork is also an insured because it automatically took
ownership of the property when it converted to a Wyoming limited liability partnership in
accordance with Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-26-101; amended its certificate of limited
partnership to change its name to North Fork under Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-14-302; and
withdrew its registration as a Colorado limited liability limited partnership. Under § 17-
26-101(g), HNF’s property became North Fork’s property:
(g) Upon conversion, all property owned by the converting
entity remains in the newly converted entity. All obligations
of the converting entity continue as obligations of the newly
converted entity. Any action or proceeding pending against
the converting entity may be continued as if the conversion
had not occurred.
Although HNF quitclaimed the properties to North Fork, North Fork already owned the
property under the Wyoming law cited above. The only purpose of the quitclaim deeds
was to give record notice of the conversion to a Wyoming limited liability limited
partnership and the name change. The district court erred as a matter of law when it
concluded North Fork was not a covered insured under the terms of the policies.
[¶28] Our decision is consistent with the changes made to the ALTA policy in 2006.
Under the newer version of the policy, “insured” means the party named as the insured in
Schedule A of the policy and also includes:
(A) successors to the Title of the Insured by operation of
law as distinguished from purchase, including heirs, devisees,
survivors, personal representatives, or next of kin;
(B) successors to an Insured by dissolution, merger,
consolidation, distribution, or reorganization;
(C) successors to an Insured by its conversion to another
kind of Entity;
(D) a grantee of an Insured under a deed delivered without
payment of actual valuable consideration conveying the
Title[:]
(1) if the stock shares, memberships or other equity
interests to the grantee are wholly-owned by the named
Insured,
(2) if the grantee wholly owns the named Insured,
(3) if the grantee is wholly-owned by an affiliated
Entity of the named Insured, provided the affiliated Entity and
11
the named Insured are both wholly-owned by the same person
or Entity, or
(4) if the grantee is a trustee or beneficiary of a
trust created by a written instrument established by the
Insured named in Schedule A for estate planning purposes.”
ALTA Owner’s Policy, Conditions 1(d) (2006), retrieved from www.alta.org/forms.
[¶29] Commentators have been critical of title insurers who denied coverage under the
earlier versions of the ALTA policy when individual named insureds transferred their
property to entities for estate planning purposes. Similarly, they have criticized courts
that elevate form over substance to deny continued title insurance coverage to an
insured’s successors in certain lifetime transfers. Joyce Palomar addressed this issue in 1
Title Insurance Law § 4.23 (2008). She stated that cases narrowly defining the policy
language to exclude transfers from an individual insured to his revocable living trust fail
to “recognize the substantive reality that continuing a title policy’s coverage in favor of
an insured’s trustee or beneficiaries presents no different or greater risk to the insurer
than does the policy’s express continuing coverage in favor of the insured’s heirs,
devisees and personal representatives.” 2 Id. at 4-54 through 4-55. See also, J. Riven &
T. Stikker, Title Insurance of Estate Planning Transfers, 12 Prob. & Prop. 15 (1998)
(referring to a title insurer’s denial of coverage after a named insured transfers his
property into a revocable trust in which he is the trustee as “extreme”).
[¶30] Ms. Palomar continued this line of reasoning in an article discussing the 2006
changes to the standard ATLA policy:
The definition of the insured in both the 2006 ALTA Owner’s
and Loan Policies includes all parties covered by the 1992
policies. The 2006 definition also adds some important
clarifications regarding who will be covered as a successor to
the named insured. First, the definition expressly includes
“successors to an Insured by its conversion to another kind of
Entity.” . . .
2
Ms. Palomar’s comments addressed a case from the United States District Court for the District of
Wyoming, which was affirmed in an unpublished Tenth Circuit opinion. Covalt v. First Am. Title Ins.
Co., 105 F.3d 669 (10th Cir. 1997). Covalt considered title policy language that was narrower than the
language at issue in this case. The policy language extended continuing coverage only to “the heirs,
devisees, [and] personal representatives of such [i]nsured,” and the court ruled the language did not cover
a transfer into a trust. Commenting on the Covalt case in the Law of Title Insurance, Mr. Burke stated
the result might have been different if the policy defined insured as in this case. He suggested that the
court might have been able to “bring the trust under the rubric of a ‘fiduciary successor.’” Id. at §
5.01[A], 5-7.
12
[T]he new policy definition will prevent litigation over
whether a title insurance policy continues to cover when the
insured transfers real property to the trustee of a trust that the
insured has established for estate-planning purposes. This
author remembers an American Bar Association’s Real
Property, Probate and Trust Section Title Insurance
Committee meeting in the early 1990s at which a member
asked this exact question. The prior ALTA policy versions
named heirs, devisees, survivors, personal representatives,
and next of kin as successor insureds, but were not up-to-date
with the newer practice of passing property at one’s death by
creating a revocable inter vivos trust. A vice-president of a
major title insurance underwriter in attendance at the meeting
replied that he could not imagine a title insurer declining a
claim on grounds that an insured owner had transferred title
to herself as trustee of her own revocable trust and at her
death to beneficiaries of her trust, instead of to devisees via
her will or heirs via laws of intestacy. He explained that he
could see no increased risk for the title insurer when an
insured transfers title into a trust for purposes of distribution
to beneficiaries after the insured’s death, compared to when
the insured’s property passes to a devisee via a will or an heir
via intestacy. Soon thereafter, however, title insurers argued
the opposite. A few courts applied form over substance to
find that earlier title insurance policy versions that expressly
covered heirs, devisees, survivors, personal representatives,
and next of kin, did not cover a trustee or the beneficiaries of
the insured’s trust.
The 2006 definition of the insured additionally includes a
grantee of an insured under a deed delivered without payment
of actual valuable consideration. This clause also will be
important in preventing the substantial amount of litigation
that has occurred when parties conveyed title by deed without
consideration to a solely-owned LLC or corporation for
estate-planning or liability-protection purposes.
J. Palomar, The 2006 ALTA Title Ins. Policies: What New Protection Do They Give? 42
Real Prop. Prob. & Tr. J. 1, 24-26 (2007). See also M. Bidar, Problem Solved? Title
Insurance Coverage for Real Property Transfers, 17 Ohio Prob. L.J. 118 (2007) (noting
the 2006 changes to the ALTA policy providing for coverage when property is
transferred into a trust “is a long overdue clarification”).
13
[¶31] Historic Smithville, supra, followed a similar rationale. Historic Smithville Inns,
Inc. held title to real property and obtained title insurance from Chelsea Title. The policy
included the same definition of “insured” as in this case. The New Jersey Attorney
General brought an action against the Inns challenging its title to a portion of the
property. Chelsea defended the suit until a development company, which was organized
as a partnership, purchased the corporation’s stock and then proceeded to dissolve the
Inns and transfer the assets to the partnership. Chelsea maintained that the purchasing
partnership did not fall within the definition of “insured” in the title policy and refused to
continue to defend the title. Historic Smithville, 445 A.2d at 1175-76.
[¶32] The New Jersey court rejected the title insurer’s narrow definition of “operation of
law,” as including only transfers that occurred by involuntary action. It explained:
Chelsea’s policy covers not only the named insured but also
“those who succeed to the interest of such insured by
operation of law as distinguished from purchase....” A strict
interpretation of the words “by operation of law,” favored by
Chelsea, would limit coverage to those who acquire title on
an entirely involuntary basis, e.g., a surviving tenant in a joint
tenancy of real property. Also clearly included as involuntary
transferees would be heirs and next of kin who acquire title as
the result of death and not as the result of an agreement or a
will. They are specifically mentioned in the policy. Does one
who succeeds to the named insured’s title by virtue of a
corporate dissolution acquire title “by operation of law”?
Chelsea argues that the transfer is voluntary and therefore
does not meet the proper definition of that language. That
language, however, must be read much more broadly than
Chelsea suggests; it must be construed liberally, not strictly. It
does not limit the terms “insured” and “operation of law” to
strictly involuntary transferees. In several instances it
includes in its definition of “insured” those who acquire title
through some voluntary action. For example, “devisees” are
covered. A “devisee” is one who acquires title to real property
by will, Kayhart v. Whitehead, 77 N.J.Eq. 12, 76 A. 241 (Ch.
1910), and therefore by the voluntary act of the testator. The
devise is not effective until the will is probated, a voluntary
action very similar to the delivery and recording of a deed in
the execution of a liquidation plan by the directors of a
dissolved corporation. A devise may be subject to a power of
sale. When the power is released by a deed from the executor
it does not make the grantee any less a devisee, although it
relinquishes control in the same way as a deed in dissolution.
14
In 13 N.J. Practice (Lieberman, Abstracts and Titles), § 123,
a devise is described as a “purchase.” The policy here
expressly excludes “purchasers” from coverage, while
expressly including devisees. Under usual rules of
construction the specific term “devisees” would prevail over
the general term “purchaser.” Ohio Cas. Ins. Co. v. Flanagin,
44 N.J. 504, 210 A.2d 221 (1965). Further, application of the
rule of liberal construction to this contradictory language
produces the obvious conclusion that devisees are covered.
Thus, Chelsea does not exclude all “purchasers” from its
definition of “insured.” The policy also extends coverage to
“distributees.” The word is very broad. It may include persons
to whom real property is distributed by an executor, a
possible discretionary act, and those to whom a corporation in
the process of dissolution distributes its real estate. The policy
does not limit the term. A “fiduciary successor” is described
as an “insured.” There are many fiduciary relationships.
Partners stand in a fiduciary relationship to each other. A new
partner who is substituted for another may be a “fiduciary
successor.” If so, the substitution, though not in any sense “by
operation of law,” would not disturb coverage even though a
99% interest in the partnership assets changed hands.
“Corporate successors” are covered. This is loose language. It
would seem to encompass all who step into the shoes of the
corporation, who become its “successors.” Thus, if a
corporation, in dissolution or otherwise, transfers all of its
assets to some other entity or to an individual, the transferee
is a “successor” in every sense of the word.
Id. at 1178-79. Applying a more pragmatic definition of “operation of law,” the New
Jersey court concluded that the partnership successor to the dissolved corporation was a
covered “insured.” Id. at 1182. See also, Ticor Title Ins. Co. v. Am. Resources, Ltd., 859
F.2d 772 (9th Cir. 1988) (holding an individual member who had contributed property to
a joint venture was entitled to coverage under a title insurance policy issued to the joint
venture for contributed property).
[¶33] By ruling North Fork is a covered insured in this case, we are taking a minority
position. However, in order to follow the majority, we would have to disregard
Wyoming law that requires we consider the intent of the parties and interpret the
language using the plain meaning a reasonable insured would understand it to mean.
Moreover, we agree with the authorities who are critical of an overly formalistic
approach to this issue. We do caution, however, that we are addressing the specific facts
of this case where the insured parties transferred the property to a limited partnership
15
made up only of the insured parties and their legal heirs for the express purpose of estate
planning.
[¶34] Our determination that North Fork is a covered insured under the terms of the title
insurance policy is dispositive. We do not, therefore, need to address whether the
Hansens retained an estate or interest in the properties or whether warranty coverage
existed under Paragraph 2 of the policy.
[¶35] Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
16