Glen Murphy v. Aldolfo C. Dulay , 768 F.3d 1360 ( 2014 )

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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 13-14637
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:13-cv-00378-RH-CAS
GLEN MURPHY,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
ADOLFO C. DULAY,
ADOLFO C. DULAY, M.D., P.A.,
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Defendants-Appellants.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
________________________
(October 10, 2014)
Before HULL, MARCUS, and HILL, Circuit Judges.
HULL, Circuit Judge:
This appeal involves a federal preemption challenge to a Florida statute
requiring presuit actions by an individual plaintiff before he may bring a medical
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negligence claim in Florida state court. The district court held that one of those
presuit requirements in Florida Statute § 766.1065—that the plaintiff execute a
written authorization form for release of protected health information—is
preempted by a federal statute, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act (“HIPAA”), and its accompanying regulations, see 45 C.F.R. §§ 164.508,
164.512. That authorization form—required by § 766.1065 as a pre-condition to
filing a medical negligence claim—allows the prospective defendant to obtain
documents and conduct ex parte interviews of the prospective plaintiff’s medical
providers on matters pertinent to the medical negligence claim. Fla. Stat.
§ 766.1065.
After oral argument and careful review of the record and the parties’
submissions, we conclude that the written authorization form, required by Florida
statute § 766.1065, is fully compliant with the HIPAA statute and its regulations
and the state and federal law are not in conflict. Accordingly, there is no federal
preemption of § 766.1065, and the district court’s entry of judgment in favor of the
plaintiff is reversed.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
In this declaratory judgment action, the facts are straightforward and not in
dispute. Plaintiff-appellee Glen Murphy is a Florida resident who received
medical treatment from defendant-appellant Dr. Adolfo C. Dulay. Murphy was not
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satisfied with Dr. Dulay’s care and therefore contemplated suing the doctor in state
court for medical negligence. As required by Florida law, Murphy retained experts
who were ready to opine that Dr. Dulay’s treatment of Murphy fell below the
prevailing standard of care and injured Murphy. See Fla. Stat. § 766.203(2).
Murphy was ready to file his lawsuit but first had to comply with Florida’s
numerous presuit requirements. We review the presuit requirements in § 766.106
not challenged here in order to place the challenged statute, § 766.1065, in context.
II. FLA. STAT. § 766.106
Florida law requires a prospective plaintiff to give a 90-day notice of the
“intent to initiate litigation for medical negligence.” See Fla. Stat. § 766.106(2)(a)-
(3)(a). No suit may be filed for 90 days after notice is mailed. Id. § 766.106(3)(a).
Along with this presuit notice, the plaintiff must provide “a verified written
medical expert opinion from a medical expert” to corroborate his “reasonable
grounds to initiate medical negligence litigation.” Id. § 766.203(2).
The presuit notice also must include: (1) a list, “if available,” of “all known
health care providers” seen by the plaintiff “for the injuries complained of
subsequent to the alleged act of negligence”; (2) a list, “if available,” of “all known
health care providers” who treated or evaluated the plaintiff “during the 2-year
period prior to the alleged act of negligence”; (3) copies of all medical records the
plaintiff’s experts relied upon in forming their opinions; and (4) an “executed
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authorization form” permitting the release of medical information. Id.
§ 766.106(2)(a).
Florida law imposes requirements on the prospective defendant as well.
During the 90-day period, Florida law requires the defendant or his insurer to
conduct a prompt investigation, review, and evaluation to determine the liability of
the defendant. Id. § 766.106(3)(a). At or before the end of the 90-day period,
Florida law requires the defendant or his insurer to provide the plaintiff with a
response, rejecting the negligence claim, making a settlement offer, or offering to
arbitrate. Id. § 766.106(3)(b). The purpose of this procedure is to encourage
resolution of medical negligence actions without the expense and drawn out
process of formal discovery.
The plaintiff’s attorney has 30 days to advise his client regarding the
defendant’s response and the attorney’s evaluation thereof. Id. § 766.106(3)(d).
This Florida statute includes some procedural safeguards for parties in this
presuit-screening process. For example, the statute of limitations is tolled during
the 90-day period as to all potential defendants. Id. § 766.106(4). No statements,
discussions, documents, or reports generated in this presuit-screening process are
discoverable or admissible in any civil action. Id. § 766.106(5). We now examine
the Florida statute challenged here, which is § 766.1065.
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III. FLA. STAT. § 766.1065
Section 766.1065 took effect on July 1, 2013. See 2013 Fla. Sess. Law Serv.
Ch. 2013-108, § 7 (S.B. 1792) (West). Section 766.1065 governs all causes of
action accruing before, on, or after that date. Id. § 6(1).
Section 766.1065 requires that an “authorization for release of protected
health information” accompany the 90-day presuit notice required by § 766.106(2),
and the authorization must be in the written form specified by § 766.1065. Fla.
Stat. § 766.1065(1). The form authorizes “the disclosure of protected health
information that is potentially relevant to the claim of personal injury or wrongful
death.” Id. The presuit notice is void if the plaintiff does not provide the
authorization form. 1 Id.
Section 766.1065(3) includes the precise language that a valid, written
authorization must contain. The Florida legislature expressed its intent to make the
presuit authorization form consistent with HIPAA. Specifically, § 766.1065(3)
mandates that the authorization “shall be construed in accordance with the
‘Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information’ in
45 C.F.R. parts 160 and 164”—HIPAA’s Privacy Rule. Id. § 766.1065(3). In
addition, the authorization must inform the plaintiff that signing the form “is not a
1
If, after giving the authorization, a plaintiff revokes the authorization, the presuit notice
“is deemed retroactively void from the date of issuance.” Id. § 766.1065(2).
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condition for continued treatment, payment, enrollment, or eligibility for health
plan benefits.” Id. § 766.1065(3)(H).
On the statutorily prescribed form, the plaintiff must include a list of all the
names and addresses of “all health care providers” known who either:
(1) “examined, evaluated, or treated the Patient in connection with injuries
complained of after the alleged act of negligence,” or (2) “examined, evaluated, or
treated the Patient during a period commencing 2 years before the incident” giving
rise to the claim. Id. § 766.1065(3)(B). This authorization, however, does not
apply to health care providers or information that the plaintiff certifies “is not
potentially relevant” to the injury “that is the basis of the accompanying presuit
notice.” Id. § 766.1065(3)(C). Accordingly, the plaintiff can exclude from the list
of the treating health care providers whom the defendant may contact, those who
have no information potentially relevant to the injury. For those providers who
have no relevant information, the plaintiff must supply “the inclusive dates of
examination, evaluation, or treatment to be withheld from disclosure.” Id.
The authorization form must expressly allow ex parte interviews, stating:
“This authorization expressly allows the persons or class of persons
listed . . . above to interview the health care providers listed . . . above, without the
presence of the Patient or the Patient’s attorney.” Id. § 766.1065(3)(E). Those
“persons or class of persons” include the doctor defendant, his insurer, adjuster,
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experts or attorneys. Id. § 766.1065(3)(D)-(E). Thus, the doctor defendant’s
attorney would be able to interview ex parte the treating physician of a plaintiff. 2
However, the statute does not require the treating provider to submit to a request
for an interview. See id. § 766.106(6)(b)(5) (“This subparagraph does not require
a claimant’s treating health care provider to submit to a request for an interview.”).
The authorization form must provide that the authorization “expires upon
resolution of the claim or at the conclusion of any litigation instituted in connection
with the matter . . . , whichever occurs first.” Id. § 766.1065(3)(F). Further, the
authorization form must note that: (1) the plaintiff “has the right to revoke this
authorization” but doing so renders the presuit notice retroactively void, and (2) the
plaintiff “understands that signing this authorization is not a condition for
continued treatment, payment, enrollment, or eligibility for health plan benefits.”
Id. § 766.1065(3)(G)-(H).
Importantly, the last paragraph in the authorization form must warn the
plaintiff “that information used or disclosed under this authorization may be
2
Section 766.106(6)(b)(5) provides that when the doctor defendant gives notice of his
intent to conduct an ex parte interview, the plaintiff’s attorney must arrange the interview within
15 days after the request is made. For subsequent interviews, the defendant must notify the
plaintiff only 72 hours before the subsequent interview. And if the plaintiff fails to arrange an
interview, the defendant may attempt to conduct an interview “without further notice” to the
plaintiff. The fact remains, however, that the treating provider is not required to consent to a
request for an interview.
Further, if a defendant takes an unsworn statement from one of the plaintiff’s treating
providers, “[r]easonable notice and opportunity to be heard” must be given to the plaintiff, and
the plaintiff “has the right to attend the taking of such unsworn statements.” Id.
§ 766.106(6)(b)(6).
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subject to additional disclosure by the recipient and may not be protected by
federal HIPAA privacy regulations.” Id. § 766.1065(3)(I). This paragraph is
consistent with other provisions in which the plaintiff authorizes the defendant
doctor, his insurer, his attorney, and his consulting expert to share information
among themselves for the limited purposes set forth above.
IV. MURPHY’S LAWSUIT
Murphy feared that signing the requisite authorization form would allow ex
parte interviews about his health care and would result in an invasion of privacy.
Murphy testified that his decision to sue Dr. Dulay in state court depended in part
on whether he must submit such authorization form allowing ex parte interviews of
his health care providers.
To determine whether compliance was necessary, Murphy filed a complaint
against Dr. Dulay in federal district court seeking “a declaration that the presuit
authorization of ex parte communications with his physicians and other health-care
providers and the scope of information authorized for release . . . violates his
federal rights under [HIPAA].” 3 Murphy’s complaint contended that: (1) HIPAA’s
Privacy Rule protects “personal health and medical information from uses not
related to medical and health care”; (2) Florida’s § 766.1065 “authorizes
3
The complaint also named as a defendant “Adolfo C. Dulay, M.D., P.A.,” the entity
through which Dr. Dulay practices medicine. For ease of reference, we refer to these two
defendants collectively as “Dr. Dulay.”
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procedures at variance from, and in derogation of, what is authorized by federal
law” under the Supremacy Clause; and (3) therefore, “HIPAA expressly preempts
these contrary procedures.”
The complaint requested: (1) a declaratory judgment that HIPAA preempted
§ 766.1065’s presuit authorization requirement and (2) an injunction against forced
compliance with § 766.1065 in the event Murphy sued Dr. Dulay.
The State of Florida intervened to defend the Florida statute. Both Dr.
Dulay and the State filed motions to dismiss.
After oral argument, the district court granted Murphy’s request for
declaratory and injunctive relief and denied Dr. Dulay’s and the State’s motions to
dismiss. The district court found that Murphy had retained experts already and his
decision to give presuit notice depended on whether he had to authorize ex parte
interviews. The district court also found that Dr. Dulay and his representatives
wanted to conduct the ex parte interviews allowed by § 766.1065.
The district court held that “consent given only in an authorization that is
required by Florida law as a presuit condition is not voluntary.” Because the
§ 766.1065 authorization form was not voluntary, the district court concluded that
§ 766.1065 would result in disclosure of Murphy’s HIPAA-protected health
information without his consent and without other safeguards in HIPAA and its
regulations. Thus, § 766.1065 was contrary to the HIPAA provisions and
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preempted. The district court enjoined Dr. Dulay from obtaining any of Murphy’s
health information through ex parte interviews, unless Dr. Dulay complied with
HIPAA or Murphy voluntarily consented outside the Florida statutory scheme. 4
Dr. Dulay and the State timely appealed.
V. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo the district court’s decision that a federal law preempts a
state statute. See Pace v. CSX Transp., Inc., 613 F.3d 1066, 1068 (11th Cir. 2010);
Conn. State Dental Ass’n v. Anthem Health Plans, Inc., 591 F.3d 1337, 1343 (11th
Cir. 2009).
VI. PREEMPTION PRINCIPLES
Our preemption analysis must begin with “the bedrock principle that the
Constitution designates the laws of the United States as the supreme law of the
land, requiring that ‘all conflicting state provisions be without effect.’” OPIS
Mgmt. Res., LLC v. Sec’y, Fla. Agency for Health Care Admin., 713 F.3d 1291,
1294 (11th Cir. 2013) (quoting Maryland v. Louisiana, 451 U.S. 725, 746, 101 S.
Ct. 2114, 2128-29 (1981)); see U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2 (“This Constitution, and
4
In the district court, the State and Dr. Dulay argued: (1) that Murphy lacked standing to
challenge the statute; (2) that the controversy, to the extent there was one, was not ripe for
adjudication; and (3) that there was no valid federal cause of action for Murphy to bring his
declaratory judgment claim. The district court rejected these arguments and the defendants do
not renew them on appeal. Although these arguments raise jurisdictional questions which we
must consider sua sponte, see Region 8 Forest Serv. Timber Purchasers Council v. Alcock, 993
F.2d 800, 807 n.9 (11th Cir. 1993), we agree with the district court’s cogent analysis and
conclusion that Murphy has standing and that his claims present a case or controversy that is ripe
for adjudication.
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the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof . . . shall
be the supreme Law of the Land . . . .”); Altria Grp., Inc. v. Good, 555 U.S. 70, 76,
129 S. Ct. 538, 543 (2008) (“[W]e have long recognized that state laws that
conflict with federal law are without effect.” (quotation marks omitted)) .
A state law conflicts with federal law when it is “impossible for a private
party to comply with both state and federal requirements.” PLIVA, Inc. v.
Mensing, 564 U.S. ___, ___, 131 S. Ct. 2567, 2577 (2011) (quotation marks
omitted). “‘Pre-emption may result not only from action taken by Congress itself;
a federal agency acting within the scope of its congressionally delegated authority
may pre-empt state regulation.’” Cliff v. Payco Gen. Am. Credits, Inc., 363 F.3d
1113, 1126 n.9 (11th Cir. 2004) (quoting La. Pub. Serv. Comm’n v. F.C.C., 476
U.S. 355, 369, 106 S. Ct. 1890, 1898-99 (1986)).
One circumstance in which preemption occurs is “where a federal statute
contains ‘explicit preemptive language,’” known as “express preemption.” This
That & Other Gift & Tobacco, Inc. v. Cobb Cnty., Ga., 285 F.3d 1319, 1322 (11th
Cir. 2002) (quoting Wisc. Pub. Intervenor v. Mortier, 501 U.S. 597, 604-05, 111 S.
Ct. 2476, 2481-82 (1991)). As outlined below, both the HIPAA statute and its
regulations use preemptive language and plaintiff Murphy, as did the district court,
relies on only express preemption here.
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When determining whether a federal statute’s preemption clause expressly
preempts state law, “we focus on the plain wording of the clause,” which
necessarily contains “the best evidence of Congress’ preemptive intent.” OPIS
Mgmt., 713 F.3d at 1294 (quoting Chamber of Commerce of U.S. v. Whiting, 563
U.S. ___, ___, 131 S. Ct. 1968, 1977 (2011)). If Congress’s intent is clear, “courts
should not strain to find ways to reconcile federal law with seemingly conflicting
state law.” PLIVA, Inc., 131 S. Ct. at 2580. “[A] court need look no further than
‘the ordinary meaning’ of federal law, and should not distort federal law to
accommodate conflicting state law.” Id. (quotation marks and alteration omitted).
In areas traditionally regulated by the states, however, there is a presumption
against preemption. Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr, 518 U.S. 470, 485, 116 S. Ct. 2240,
2250 (1996). This presumption applies not only to whether Congress intends
preemption but also to “the scope of its intended invalidation of state law.” Id.
This “approach is consistent with both federalism concerns and the historic
primacy of state regulation of matters of health and safety.” Id. If the terms of the
federal statute can be read sensibly not to preempt state law, the presumption
controls. Fla. E. Coast Ry. Co. v. City of W. Palm Beach, 266 F.3d 1324, 1328
(11th Cir. 2001). Accordingly, if the federal preemption clause is susceptible to
multiple plausible interpretations, we ordinarily should “accept the reading that
disfavors pre-emption.” OPIS Mgmt., 713 F.3d at 1294 (quotation marks omitted);
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see Altria Grp., 555 U.S. at 77, 129 S. Ct. at 543 (stating “when the text of a pre-
emption clause is susceptible of more than one plausible reading, courts ordinarily
‘accept the reading that disfavors pre-emption’”).
VII. HIPAA STATUTE AND REGULATIONS
Both the HIPAA statute and its regulations contain express preemption
provisions. The HIPAA statute itself provides that HIPAA requirements “shall
supersede any contrary provision of State law.” 42 U.S.C. § 1320d-7(a)(1). More
fully, the HIPAA statute provides that, subject to exceptions not at issue here, “a
provision or requirement under [HIPAA], or a standard or implementation
specification adopted or established under sections 1320d-1 through 1320d-3 of
[HIPAA], shall supersede any contrary provision of State law.” Id.
The HIPAA statute also allows the Secretary of Health and Human Services
to “promulgate such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the
provisions of [HIPAA].” Id. § 300gg-92; see id. §§ 1320d-1, 1320d-2 & 1320d-3
(setting forth requirements governing the Secretary’s adoption of standards under
HIPAA). “One of Congress’s objectives in enacting HIPAA was to address
concerns about the confidentiality of patients’ individually identifiable health
information.” OPIS Mgmt., 713 F.3d at 1294. Accordingly, Congress specifically
authorized the Secretary “to promulgate privacy regulations addressing
individuals’ rights to individually identifiable health information, procedures for
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exercising such rights, and the uses and disclosures of such information.” Id.
at 1295. In turn, the Secretary promulgated comprehensive privacy and disclosure
regulations spanning hundreds of pages. See 45 C.F.R. pts. 160 & 164.
Echoing the HIPAA statute, the HIPAA regulations also state that a HIPAA
requirement “that is contrary to a provision of state law preempts the provision of
state law,” subject to exceptions not at issue here. 45 C.F.R. § 160.203.5 The
Secretary also enacted a regulation to define further what is meant by “contrary” to
state law. The Secretary’s regulation states that a state law is contrary to HIPAA
if: (1) “[a] covered entity . . . would find it impossible to comply with both the
State and Federal requirements”; or (2) “[t]he provision of State law stands as an
obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives
of [HIPAA], as applicable.” 45 C.F.R. § 160.202(1)-(2) (emphasis added).
Dr. Dulay and the State do not contend (1) that the HIPAA regulations
relevant to this case—the privacy and disclosure regulations in parts 160 and
164—exceed the scope of the Secretary’s delegated authority, or (2) that the
Florida legislature could permissibly enact a statute contrary to those HIPAA
regulations. Rather, they argue that § 766.1065 is consistent with both the HIPAA
statute and the HIPAA regulations. Thus, we outline the relevant HIPAA
regulations and then analyze whether § 766.1065 is contrary to them.
5
HIPAA, however, does not preempt state laws that provide “more stringent” privacy
protections. See 45 C.F.R. § 160.203(b); see also Opis Mgmt., 713 F.3d at 1294.
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VIII. DISCLOSURE PERMITTED UNDER REGULATIONS
The HIPAA regulations generally prohibit covered entities from using or
disclosing “protected health information.” 45 C.F.R. § 164.508(a)(1); see id.
§ 164.502(a) (“A covered entity . . . may not use or disclose protected health
information, except as permitted or required by [these regulations].”); id. § 164.512
(enumerating exceptions). Only health plans, health care clearinghouses, and
certain health care providers are “covered entities” under the HIPAA regulations.
Id. § 160.102(a).
The regulations, however, permit covered entities to disclose protected
health information when certain requirements are met, two of which are pertinent
here.6 First, disclosure may be made through the judicial process. Id.
§ 164.512(e). Second, disclosure is permitted if an individual expressly authorizes
release of his or her medical information in a valid authorization form. See id.
§ 164.502(a)(1)(iv) (allowing covered entities to disclose protected health
information “pursuant to and in compliance with a valid authorization”); id.
§ 164.508 (“Except as otherwise permitted . . . by [HIPAA], a covered entity may
not use or disclose protected health information without an authorization that is
valid . . . .”). We discuss each permitted disclosure avenue in turn.
6
There are numerous categories of permissive uses and disclosures in the HIPAA
regulations, only two of which we discuss here.
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A. Disclosure by Judicial Process
Section 164.512 provides that “[a] covered entity may use or disclose
protected health information without the written authorization of the individual, as
described in § 164.508 . . . in the situations covered by this section . . . .” Id.
§ 164.512. One of the twelve situations covered in § 164.512 are “[d]isclosures for
judicial and administrative proceedings.” Id. § 164.512(e).7 More precisely, even
without a written authorization, “[a] covered entity may disclose protected health
information in the course of any judicial or administrative proceeding.” Id.
§ 164.512(e)(1). But certain procedures must be followed. Information may be
released only in response to: (1) an “order of a court or administrative tribunal,” or
(2) a “subpoena, discovery request, or other lawful process, that is not
accompanied by an order of a court or administrative tribunal,” when certain
conditions are met. Id. § 164.512(e)(1)(i)-(ii).
For the latter, information may be disclosed only if the covered entity
receives satisfactory assurance from the party seeking the information that
reasonable efforts have been made to either (1) ensure that the individual whose
7
Section 164.512 also covers standards in these other situations involving disclosure
without a written authorization: (1) when required by law, (2) for public health activities,
(3) about victims of abuse, neglect, or domestic violence, (4) for health oversight activities,
(5) for law enforcement purposes, (6) about decedents, (7) for cadaveric organ, eye, or tissue
donation purposes, (8) for research purposes, (9) to avert a serious threat to health or safety,
(10) for specialized government functions, (11) for workers’ compensation. Id. § 164.512(a)-(l).
The provisions governing disclosure by judicial process “do not supersede other provisions of
[§ 164.512] that otherwise permit or restrict uses or disclosures of protected health information.”
Id. § 164.512(e)(2).
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information is to be shared has been given notice of the request, or (2) secure a
qualified protective order. Id. § 164.512(e)(1)(ii).
The HIPAA regulations state additional requirements for each of these
processes to be valid. For example, to establish that reasonable efforts have been
made to give notice, the party requesting information must show by written
documentation that it has made a “good faith attempt to provide written notice,”
that such notice included sufficient information about the litigation to permit the
individual to raise an objection to the court, that the time for the individual to raise
objections to the court has elapsed, and that either no objections were filed or all
objections filed have been resolved by the court. Id. § 164.512(e)(1)(iii). If
instead the party seeks to proceed by protective order, it must show that the parties
to the dispute have agreed to a qualified protective order and presented it to the
court, or that the party seeking the protected health information has requested a
qualified protective order from the court. Id. § 164.512(e)(1)(iv). 8
Importantly for this case, § 164.512(e) provides an alternative avenue for
disclosure without a written authorization and does not replace or narrow the
provisions permitting disclosure by written authorization alone, which are
discussed below.
8
A qualified protective order means an order that prohibits the parties from using or
disclosing the protected health information for any purpose other than the litigation for which it
was requested and requires that the protected health information, at the end of the litigation, be
returned to the covered entity or destroyed. Id. § 164.512(e)(1)(v).
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B. Disclosure by Express Authorization
Disclosure of protected health information is also permissible when a person
signs a valid written authorization. Id. § 164.508. A valid authorization, alone, is
sufficient to permit disclosure in compliance with HIPAA, so long as “such use or
disclosure [is] consistent with such authorization.” Id.
The HIPAA regulations specify that, to be valid, an authorization must
contain these elements: (1) “[a] description of the information to be used or
disclosed that identifies the information in a specific and meaningful fashion”;
(2) “[t]he name or other specific identification of the person(s), or class of persons,
authorized to make the requested use or disclosure”; (3) “[t]he name or other
specific identification of the person(s), or class of persons, to whom the covered
entity may make the requested use or disclosure”; (4) “[a] description of each
purpose of the requested use or disclosure”; (5) “[a]n expiration date or an
expiration event that relates to the individual or the purpose of the use or
disclosure”; and (6) the “[s]ignature of the individual and date.” Id.
§ 164.508(c)(1)(i)-(vi).
Further, “the authorization must contain statements adequate to place the
individual on notice of all of the following:” (1) the individual’s “right to revoke,”
the exceptions to the right to revoke, and “a description of how the individual may
revoke”; (2) that a covered entity “may not condition treatment, payment,
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enrollment or eligibility for benefits on whether the individual signs the
authorization,” subject to narrow exceptions; and (3) “the potential for information
disclosed pursuant to the authorization to be subject to redisclosure by the recipient
and no longer be protected by [HIPAA].” Id. § 164.508(c)(2), (b)(4).
In short, the HIPAA regulations mandate that an authorization contain many
different elements in order to be a valid authorization. The authorization form
required by § 766.1065 must have those same HIPAA elements to be valid too.
The HIPAA regulations also set forth circumstances when a written
authorization is invalid, specifically: (1) “[t]he expiration date has passed or the
expiration event is known by the covered entity to have occurred”; (2) “[t]he
authorization has not been filled out completely, with respect to [each element
required]”; (3) “[t]he authorization is known by the covered entity to have been
revoked”; (4) the authorization is a compound authorization or is a condition for
receiving treatment (and neither exception is applicable); or (5) “[a]ny material
information in the authorization is known . . . to be false.” Id. § 164.508(b)(2).
The HIPAA regulations explain that a “compound authorization,” subject to
exceptions not at issue here, is an authorization for the disclosure of protected
health information that is “combined with any other document to create a
compound authorization.” Id. § 164.508(b)(3). The Secretary gave this example
of a compound authorization: an authorization for the use or disclosure of
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protected health information “may be combined with an informed consent to
receive treatment, [or] a consent to assign payment of benefits to a provider.”
Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, 65 Fed. Reg.
82,462, 82,511 (Dec. 28, 2000).
Further, as part of a larger modification of the HIPAA regulations, the
Secretary stated that a compound authorization is created when “an authorization
for the use and disclosure of protected health information is combined with any
other legal permission.” Modifications to the HIPAA Privacy, Security,
Enforcement, and Breach Notification Rules, 78 Fed. Reg. 5565, 5609 (Jan. 25,
2013). Citing the fact that the use of multiple authorization forms has confused
patients, the Secretary permitted the use of compound authorization forms under
certain circumstances. Id. at 5609-11. The Secretary’s statements elucidate the
HIPAA regulations’ circular definition of “compound authorization,” clarifying
that the regulation prohibits the combination of an authorization with another
“legal permission”—such as a consent to treatment or consent to assign payment—
not its combination with literally “any other document.”
The exceptions to the compound authorization prohibition also inform this
conclusion. See 45 C.F.R. § 164.508(b)(3)(i)-(iii). The first exception permits an
authorization for disclosure of health information for a research study to be
combined with another authorization for the same or another study. Id.
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§ 164.508(b)(3)(i). The second exception authorizes a compound authorization for
the use or disclosure of psychotherapy notes. Id. § 164.508(b)(3)(ii). The third
exception allows an authorization—other than an authorization for use or
disclosure of psychotherapy notes—to be combined with any other such
authorization, unless the covered entity has conditioned treatment or enrollment in
a health care plan on the provision of an authorization. Id. § 164.508(b)(3)(iii).
Notably, each exception discusses an authorization combined with another
authorization—not an authorization combined with a wholly different type of
document, such as a presuit notice.
IX. CONDITIONING OF AUTHORIZATIONS
The HIPAA regulations prohibit only the conditioning of medical treatment
or health care benefits on the execution of a HIPAA authorization. See 45 C.F.R.
§ 164.508(b)(4) (“A covered entity may not condition the provision to an
individual of treatment, payment, enrollment in the health plan, or eligibility for
benefits on the provision of an authorization[.]”). Even that limited prohibition has
rather broad exceptions.
A covered entity may condition medical treatment on the signing of an
authorization when: (1) the treatment is research-related and the information to be
disclosed is to be used in the research; (2) a health plan conditions enrollment in
the health plan or eligibility for benefits on the signing of an authorization if the
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authorization is necessary for the health plan’s underwriting or risk rating
determinations and the authorization is not for the disclosure of psychotherapy
notes; or (3) “the provision of health care . . . is solely for the purpose of creating
protected health information for disclosure to a third party,” when the authorization
permits disclosure to that third party. Id. § 164.508(b)(4)(i)-(iii).
In responding to issues raised by public comments, the Secretary has
interpreted the HIPAA regulations to allow other benefits to be conditioned on the
signing of a HIPAA authorization. See 65 Fed. Reg. at 82,658. The Secretary
considered suggestions that it “prohibit the provision of anything of value” from
being conditioned on an authorization for disclosure of protected information. Id.
After such consideration, the Secretary acknowledged that, due to its limited
authority, it “cannot entirely prevent individuals from being coerced into signing
these [authorization] forms.” Id. The Secretary added that “[w]e do not, for
example, have the authority to prohibit an employer from requiring its employees
to sign an authorization as a condition of employment.” Id. Similarly, the
Secretary said “a program such as the Job Corps may make such an authorization a
condition of enrollment in the Job Corps program.” Id.
In that same comment section, the Secretary also recognized that many
states require state Medicaid agencies to obtain, for payment purposes, an
individual’s HIPAA authorization as a condition of enrolling an individual as a
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Medicaid recipient. “If state law requires a Medicaid agency to obtain the
individual’s authorization for providers to disclose protected health information to
the Medicaid agency for payment purposes, the agency may do so under
§ 164.508(e). This authorization must not be a condition of enrollment or
eligibility, but may be a condition of payment of a claim for specified benefits if
the disclosure is necessary to determine payment of the claim.” Id. State law may
thus require a Medicaid agency to condition payment of a claim for benefits on an
individual’s signing an authorization if the disclosure of protected health
information is necessary to determine payment. See id.
X. PREEMPTION ANALYSIS
With this background, we examine whether § 766.1065 is contrary to
HIPAA and its regulations.
A. § 766.1065 Authorizations Meet HIPAA’s Requirements
The HIPAA regulations expressly allow the release of protected health
information upon the signing of a valid authorization. Our first task is to determine
whether the presuit authorization form required by § 766.1065 meets the HIPAA
requirements for a valid, written authorization.
As outlined above, the HIPAA regulations include explicit details about
what an authorization must contain to be valid under HIPAA. In turn, the Florida
statute, in § 766.1065, provides the precise form that a presuit authorization must
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take, ensuring that the form meets each of the required elements set forth in the
HIPAA regulations. To the extent that there remains any ambiguity, § 766.1065
explicitly states that presuit authorizations “shall be construed in accordance with
the [HIPAA requirements].” Fla. Stat. § 766.1065(3). Thus, the plain text of
§ 766.1065 makes clear that it requires presuit authorizations to meet HIPAA’s
requirements.
Murphy argues that the § 766.1065 authorization fails to satisfy HIPAA’s
required elements for four reasons, each of which lacks merit.
First, Murphy views the authorizations required by § 766.1065 as
irrevocable and, therefore, in conflict with the HIPAA regulations’ requirement
that an authorization be revocable. See 45 C.F.R. § 164.508(b)(5). This is not so.
Subsection (2) of § 766.1065 plainly contemplates a plaintiff’s ability to revoke the
required authorization. See Fla. Stat. § 766.1065(2) (“If the authorization required
by this section is revoked . . . .”). Further, subsection (3) explicitly requires that
the authorization include the phrase “the Patient has the right to revoke this
authorization in writing.” Id. § 766.1065(G). There is a consequence for
revocation, though—that the presuit notice is deemed retroactively void. As a
result, and if too much time passes, a plaintiff’s medical negligence claim may be
barred by the statute of limitations. See id. § 766.1065(2). But, the HIPAA
regulations do not require that a person be able to revoke an authorization free of
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any consequences; they just require that an authorization be revocable. The
Florida statute requires the same.
Second, Murphy argues that § 766.1065 authorizations are non-HIPAA
compliant because they require a plaintiff to list health care providers to whom the
presuit authorization does not apply, as well as those to whom it applies. He
contends that requiring a plaintiff to disclose other health care providers who do
not have information about the plaintiff’s medical negligence claim “cannot serve a
legitimate purpose.” We disagree. Requiring a plaintiff to name health care
providers whom a defendant may not contact for information does serve a
legitimate purpose—it protects a plaintiff’s privacy by resolving any ambiguity
about which providers a defendant may not contact. Furthermore, the HIPAA
regulations do not require that the scope of an authorization be commensurate to a
specific, legitimate purpose. Under HIPAA an individual may disclose his entire
medical history for any purpose. It is no defect, therefore, that the Florida presuit
authorization permits disclosure of some information that may be irrelevant to the
plaintiff’s medical negligence claim.
Third, Murphy contends that the authorizations required by § 766.1065 do
not meet the HIPAA regulations’ specificity requirement. See 45 C.F.R.
§ 164.508(c)(1)(i). To meet the specificity requirement, an “authorization must
include a description of the information to be used or disclosed, with sufficient
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specificity to allow the covered entity to know which information the authorization
references.” 65 Fed. Reg. at 82,517. Importantly, “[t]here are no limitations on
the information that can be authorized for disclosure,” and an individual may
authorize a health care provider to release all of his medical records. Id. Here, the
authorization form in § 766.1065 specifically authorizes the release of health
information held by health care providers that the plaintiff identifies, including
those who have examined, evaluated, or treated him (or who will do so) in
connection with the complained-of injury; and those who have examined,
evaluated, or treated him two years prior to the injury. Fla. Stat. § 766.1065(3)(B).
Murphy may not like the breadth of the authorization required by § 766.1065, but
the HIPAA regulations do not require that authorizations be narrow, simply that
they be specific.
And in accordance with HIPAA’s requirement that a valid authorization
form include “[a] description of each purpose of the requested use or disclosure,”
45 C.F.R. § 164.508(c)(1)(iv), § 766.1065’s authorization form states that
disclosure is authorized for the following “specific purposes”: (1) “[f]acilitating the
investigation and evaluation” of the claim; (2) “[d]efending against any litigation
arising out of” the claim; or (3) “[o]btaining legal advice or representation arising
out of” the claim. Fla. Stat. § 766.1065(3)(A).
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The form’s limitation on how disclosed information may be used, however,
does not alter the form’s clear description of which information may be turned
over. Section 766.1065’s authorization form is clear that all information in the
listed doctors’ possession, both verbal and written, is subject to disclosure. The
form is also clear that disclosed information may be used only to investigate and
defend the medical negligence claim. Doctors will have no difficulty discerning
the obvious purpose of a defendant’s request when presented with a signed
authorization. Therefore, § 766.1065’s authorization form fully satisfies HIPAA’s
requirement that the information permitted for disclosure be identified “in a
specific and meaningful fashion.” 45 C.F.R. § 164.508(c)(1)(i).
Fourth, Murphy argues that § 766.1065 requires a prohibited compound
authorization. See 45 C.F.R. § 164.508(b)(3). He reasons that a compound
authorization is an authorization combined “with any other document” and that
§ 766.1065 requires an authorization combined with a 90-day presuit notice.
However, as explained above, a compound authorization is created when “an
authorization for the use and disclosure of protected health information is
combined with any other legal permission.” 78 Fed. Reg. at 5609. The presuit
notice is not a legal permission, much less a consent to treatment or consent to
assign payment. The presuit notice is merely a condition precedent for filing a
medical negligence suit in Florida state court. The fact that the presuit notice
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document and the authorization form are submitted together does not alter our
analysis. Accordingly, the fact that the authorization must be sent out with the
presuit notice does not create an impermissible compound authorization.
In summary, after reviewing the HIPAA regulations, we conclude that the
authorization form required in § 766.1065 complies with HIPAA. Indeed,
§ 766.1065 expressly requires that an individual execute a HIPAA-compliant
authorization before bringing a medical negligence claim. The Florida law
requires only that a prospective plaintiff act in accordance with a federal provision,
exactly as contemplated by Congress and the Secretary who promulgated the
regulations, before filing a medical negligence complaint in state court.
Conditioning the use of the state courts on compliance with a federal provision
(HIPAA) does not conflict with that federal provision (HIPAA).
Because § 766.1065 is consistent with HIPAA’s requirements for disclosure
by written authorization, it is also irrelevant whether § 766.1065 calls for
procedures that satisfy the requirements of another HIPAA disclosure exception—
including the exception for disclosure by judicial process. See 45 C.F.R.
§ 164.512(e)(1)(i)-(ii). Clearly, § 766.1065 does not provide the same privacy
safeguards as those called for in the judicial-process exception. But when an
individual executes a valid HIPAA authorization, he waives all HIPAA protection
as to the health information covered by the authorization, including the protections
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against litigation-related disclosures. See 45 C.F.R. § 164.512 (noting that
additional privacy safeguards apply only where a covered entity seeks to “use or
disclose protected health information without the written authorization of the
individual” (emphasis added)). Accordingly, no other HIPAA exception for
disclosure needs to be satisfied once an individual signs a valid written
authorization.
B. Mandatory Nature of § 766.1065
Because § 766.1065’s authorization form meets HIPAA’s required elements
to be a valid authorization, Murphy is left to focus on the mandatory nature of
§ 766.1065. Because § 766.1065 requires HIPAA authorizations as a mandatory
pre-condition to filing a medical negligence claim in Florida court, Murphy argues
individuals are being coerced by the State of Florida to sign them. Murphy
contends that HIPAA requires all authorizations be signed voluntarily to be valid,
and thus § 766.1065 violates HIPAA. We disagree for several reasons.
First, there is no explicit voluntariness requirement in the HIPAA statute or
its regulations. Rather, the HIPAA regulations contemplate that HIPAA
authorizations may be based on conditions. In fact, the comprehensive regulations
prohibit only conditioning medical treatment or health care benefits on execution
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of an authorization. 9 Notably, HIPAA does not state that any other types of
conditions are invalid. Additionally, the regulations’ explicit prohibition on only
conditioning treatment or benefits on executing a HIPAA authorization implies
that there are no implicit prohibitions on requiring HIPAA authorizations in other
circumstances. See Fla. Right to Life, Inc. v. Lamar, 273 F.3d 1318, 1327 (11th
Cir. 2001) (applying the canon of expressio unius est exclusio alterius—“under
which ‘the expression of one thing implies the exclusion of another’”—to conclude
that explicit statutory exceptions “imply the exclusion of all other possible
exceptions” (citation omitted)).
Even the regulations’ sole prohibition is not absolute, allowing some
covered entities to condition the provision of medical treatment or other services
on signing an authorization. 45 C.F.R. § 164.508(b)(4)(i)-(iii). Had the drafters of
the HIPAA regulations wished to preclude a state legislature from conditioning a
public benefit—such as filing a lawsuit—on signing a HIPAA authorization, they
could have easily done so, just as they generally prohibited doctors from
conditioning medical treatment on signing a HIPAA authorization. The
regulations do not do so, and we must give effect to the regulations’ silence. See
id.
9
Specifically, a covered entity may not condition “treatment, payment, enrollment in the
health plan, or eligibility for benefits” on execution of an authorization, subject to three limited
exceptions. 45 C.F.R. § 164.508(b)(4).
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Second, Murphy, and others like him, voluntarily choose to seek redress for
grievances through Florida’s judicial system. By enacting § 766.1065, the State
conditioned an individual’s ability to use a state-provided resource to advance
medical negligence claims—the state judicial system—upon that individual’s
executing a limited HIPAA authorization in a form that complies with HIPAA’s
requirements. An individual retains the choice whether to file suit, and therefore
whether to sign the authorization form.
Third, both times a statute like Florida’s has been challenged on the basis of
HIPAA preemption and the authorization being involuntary, courts have upheld
it.10 In 2009, the Texas Supreme Court upheld that state’s similar statute. See In
re Collins, 286 S.W.3d 911 (Tex. 2009). That court began its analysis by noting
that “HIPAA itself allows the disclosure of protected health information if the
patient has executed a valid, written authorization conforming to the requirements
of 45 C.F.R. § 164.508(c).” Id. at 920. Rejecting the plaintiffs’ argument that the
presuit authorization they signed was invalid because it was involuntary, the court
held “while it is true that the [plaintiffs] could not have proceeded with their suit if
10
Both Texas and Tennessee have enacted statutes similar to § 766.1065. See Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.052(a)-(c) (substantially identical to the Florida statute but
requiring the authorizations 60 days before filing, instead of 90 days); Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-
121(a)(2)(E) (requiring that, 60 days before filing a medical negligence suit, a prospective
plaintiff provide notice and, inter alia, “[a] HIPAA compliant medical authorization permitting
the [prospective defendant] to obtain complete medical records from each other provider being
sent a notice”).
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[one of the plaintiffs] had not executed the authorization, it was their choice to file
the suit in the first instance.” Id.
We note that, while portions of the HIPAA regulations governing privacy
and disclosure of protected information have been amended several times after the
Texas Supreme Court’s 2009 decision in Collins, the amendments have not
changed the circumstances under which HIPAA authorizations may be based on
conditions. See Breach Notification for Unsecured Protected Health Information,
74 Fed. Reg. 42,740, 42,767-70 (Aug. 24, 2009); Modifications to the HIPAA
Privacy, Security, Enforcement, and Breach Notification Rules, 78 Fed. Reg. 5566,
5692-5702 (Jan. 25, 2013); see also OPIS Mgmt., 713 F.3d at 1293 n.2; cf. Phillip
C. v. Jefferson Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 701 F.3d 691, 696-97 (11th Cir. 2012)
(“Congress is presumed to be aware of [a] . . . judicial interpretation of a statute
and to adopt that interpretation when it re-enacts a statute without change.”
(quotation marks omitted)).
Six years later, in 2013, the Tennessee Supreme Court reached the same
conclusion regarding Tennessee’s similar statute. See Stevens ex rel. Stevens v.
Hickman Comm. Health Care Servs., Inc., 418 S.W.3d 547 (Tenn. 2013). Echoing
the Texas Supreme Court, that court held that “although [the Tennessee statute]
requires that a plaintiff complete a HIPAA authorization as a pre-condition of
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filing suit, a plaintiff’s decision whether to file suit is still a voluntary one.” Id.
at 557. 11
Fourth, Florida’s § 766.1065 statute is not preempted even if we accept
Murphy’s argument that HIPAA contains an implicit requirement of voluntariness.
As outlined above, the HIPAA regulations set forth numerous core elements that
must be in an authorization form in order for that authorization to be valid. See
45 C.F.R. § 164.508. These elements help ensure that individuals make a knowing
and informed decision about what they are signing and to what extent they are
authorizing the release of protected health information about them. In that sense,
the Secretary is attempting to assure that an individual is making an informed and
thus voluntary decision. See, e.g., 65 Fed. Reg. at 82,657 (“We intend the
authorizations required under this rule to be voluntary for individuals, and,
therefore, they need to be separate from other forms of consent that may be a
condition of treatment or payment or that may otherwise be coerced.”); id.
11
We recognize that the Georgia Supreme Court held that HIPAA preempted a Georgia
statute requiring that a plaintiff file, contemporaneously with a medical negligence complaint, an
authorization allowing ex parte interviews of health care providers. See Allen v. Wright, 644
S.E.2d 814, 818 (Ga. 2007); see Ga. Code Ann. § 9-11-9.2. In Allen, the Georgia statute did not
“expressly provide[] that the requisite authorization comply with the provisions of HIPAA” and
did not require that the authorization give notice of a plaintiff’s right to revoke. 644 S.E.2d at
816. Unlike the Georgia statute, Florida’s § 766.1065 requires that authorizations conform to
HIPAA’s requirements. See Fla. Stat. § 766.1065(3). Moreover, the Georgia Supreme Court’s
analysis suggests that, had the Georgia statute contained a provision like the § 766.1065(3)—
requiring that authorizations meet HIPAA’s requirements—the court would have upheld it. See
Allen, 644 S.E.2d at 816.
Recently, a Florida circuit court in Escambia County ruled that HIPAA does not preempt
the presuit authorization requirement in § 766.1065. Weaver v. Myers, No. 2013 CA 001714,
slip op. at 3-6 (Fla. Cir. Ct. June 24, 2014).
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at 82,658 (stating that the right to revoke authorization at any time “is essential to
ensuring that the authorization is voluntary”); id. at 82,659 (“We have attempted to
create authorization requirements that make the individual’s decisions as clear and
voluntary as possible.”).
At the same time, the Secretary acknowledges that some coercion is allowed
by expressly permitting Medicaid benefits, financial incentives, and even
employment to be conditioned on the execution of a HIPAA authorization. We do
not find the condition imposed by § 766.1065 to be categorically different from the
other conditions and incentives permitted under HIPAA. We cannot say that
requiring a HIPAA authorization as a condition of suing a health care provider for
medical negligence in state court is more coercive than requiring one as a condition
of employment or Medicaid-benefit payments, which HIPAA permits. The Florida
law does not rise to the level of duress that might somehow invalidate an otherwise
valid authorization.
At a minimum, absent clear intent in the HIPAA regulations to prohibit
conditioning the filing of a medical negligence action on executing a valid
authorization, we must observe the strong presumption against preemption in areas
traditionally regulated by the states. See Medtronic, Inc., 518 U.S. at 485, 116 S.
Ct. at 2250.
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C. § 766.1065 is “Not Contrary” to HIPAA
In light of our above analysis, we conclude that Murphy has not shown
§ 766.1065 is contrary to HIPAA. 12
First, it is patently clear that § 766.1065 does not make it “impossible” for a
covered entity, as defined by the HIPAA regulations, “to comply” with both
HIPAA and state law. See 45 C.F.R. § 160.202(1). Section 766.1065 requires the
authorization form to comply with HIPAA’s requirements. Once a plaintiff
executes a valid HIPAA authorization as part of his presuit obligations, his
physician can, consistent with HIPAA, convey relevant health information about
the plaintiff to the defendant. A medical provider can simultaneously comply with
state and federal requirements.
Second, § 766.1065 does not stand “as an obstacle” to fulfilling “the full
purposes and objectives” of HIPAA. See 45 C.F.R. § 160.202(2). One of
HIPAA’s stated objectives is “reducing the administrative costs of providing and
paying for health care.” 42 U.S.C. § 1320d-1(b). Likewise, § 766.1065, by
allowing health care providers to investigate and potentially settle claims before
litigation commences, serves to reduce the overall cost that medical negligence
litigation places on Florida’s health care system. The Florida law, like HIPAA,
12
As Murphy’s counsel noted at oral argument, whether § 766.1065 violates the Florida
Constitution is a state law issue that is not before us. Our decision involves only the claimed
federal preemption of a state law.
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attempts to strike a balance between privacy protection and the efficient resolution
of medical negligence claims.
Accepting arguendo that one of HIPAA’s goals is to ensure that waivers of
privacy protections are made knowingly and voluntarily, the Florida statute does
not interfere with that goal. The HIPAA regulations allow authorizations to be
based on conditions—such as employment, Medicaid benefits, and other
incentives—and prohibit only one type of condition. Even that condition is not
absolute but has exceptions. Further, an individual’s decision to sign an
authorization prior to bringing a medical negligence claim in state court is not an
involuntary one. If an individual does not wish to execute such an authorization,
he does not have to. He is, however, precluded from using the Florida courts to
obtain relief through a medical negligence lawsuit against a health care provider.
XI. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the district court’s declaratory
judgment order in favor of plaintiff Murphy, as well as the district court’s
injunction against the enforcement of Fla. Stat. § 766.1065. We remand for the
district court to enter final judgment in favor of the defendants on Murphy’s
federal preemption claim.
VACATED and REMANDED.
36