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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-12438
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
VICTORINO MENDOZA-ORTIZ,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
____________________
Petitions for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Agency No. A075-574-909
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-12438
____________________
No. 22-10335
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
VICTORINO MENDOZA-ORTIZ,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
____________________
Petitions for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Agency No. A075-574-909
____________________
Before ROSENBAUM, JILL PRYOR, and ED CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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21-12438 Opinion of the Court 3
Victorina Mendoza-Ortiz did not appear at his removal hear-
ing. The government presented clear and convincing evidence that
he was removable, and an IJ ordered him removed in absentia. See
8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii). In two consolidated petitions, he
seeks review of two orders of the Board of Immigration Appeals,
the first of which affirmed the immigration judge’s denial of Men-
doza-Ortiz’s third motion to reopen and rescind the IJ’s in absentia
order of removal, and the second of which denied reconsideration
of its order affirming the IJ. Mendoza-Ortiz’s challenge is based on
the technicalities of notice.
He contends that he is entitled to rescission of his in absentia
removal order because his initial notice to appear violated statu-
tory requirements by failing to include information about the time
and date of the removal hearing. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii).
He admits that he received actual notice of the time and place of
his hearing in a later issued notice that included that information.
But he argues that is not enough because the statute requires the
inclusion of that information in the initial notice to appear.
I.
Mendoza-Ortiz is a native and citizen of Guatemala who en-
tered the United States without inspection on or about December
13, 1998. That same day, a Border Patrol Agent personally served
Mendoza with a notice to appear (NTA) charging him as remova-
ble under
8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) for being a non-United States
citizen present in the United States without being admitted or pa-
roled. The NTA did not contain the date or time of his removal
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4 Opinion of the Court 21-12438
hearing. Instead it ordered Mendoza-Ortiz to appear before an IJ
in El Paso, Texas at a date and time “[t]o [b]e [s]et” in the future
and warned him of the consequences of failing to appear.
On January 27, 1999, the immigration court mailed Men-
doza-Ortiz a notice of hearing, which stated that his hearing had
been set for April 14, 1999, in Miami, Florida. Mendoza-Ortiz did
not appear at the hearing, and the IJ ordered him removed in ab-
sentia to Guatemala based on the government’s presentation of
clear and convincing evidence that he was removable as charged in
the NTA. See
id. § 1229a(c)(3)(A). The immigration court sent him
a copy of the removal order the same day and informed him that
the decision was final unless he filed a timely motion to reopen.
In 2012 Mendoza-Ortiz moved to reopen his proceedings,
claiming that he had failed to appear his removal hearing because
he was at the hospital awaiting the birth of his son. The IJ denied
Mendoza-Ortiz’s motion to reopen. The IJ noted that an alien re-
moved in absentia may seek to reopen and rescind the order within
180 days if he shows that his failure to appear was due to excep-
tional circumstances or at any time if he shows that he did not re-
ceive notice under
8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1) or (a)(2). Because Men-
doza-Ortiz failed to file within the 180-day window for exceptional
circumstances and had admitted he had notice of the hearing, the
IJ denied him relief.
In July 2018 Mendoza-Ortiz filed a motion to reconsider, re-
open, and terminate his in absentia removal order in light of Pe-
reira v. Sessions,
138 S. Ct. 2105 (2018). In Pereira the Supreme
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21-12438 Opinion of the Court 5
Court held that an NTA must contain the time and place of the
removal hearing to comply with § 1229(a)’s notice requirements
and trigger the stop-time rule, which pauses the period of continu-
ous presence for a noncitizen to be eligible for cancellation of re-
moval. Pereira, 138 S. Ct. at 2118–19. Mendoza-Ortiz argued that
because the time and place of his hearing were not included in his
NTA, he was never served with a valid NTA, so the immigration
court lacked jurisdiction over his case. 1 The IJ denied Mendoza-
Ortiz’s motion, finding that the NTA did not need to comply with
§ 1229(a)’s notice requirements to vest the immigration court with
jurisdiction and that any defect in the NTA was cured by the later
notice of hearing.
In November 2018 Mendoza-Ortiz filed his third motion to
reopen and rescind his in absentia order of removal. He argued his
removal order should be rescinded under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii), which permits an in absentia removal order to
be rescinded at any time if the alien shows that he “did not receive
notice in accordance with paragraph (1) or (2) of section 1229(a).”
Paragraph (1) of § 1229(a), in turn, requires an NTA to specify the
“time and place” of the removal proceedings.
8 U.S.C.
§ 1229(a)(1)(G)(i). Mendoza-Ortiz argued that because his NTA did
1 Mendoza-Ortiz also contended that his second motion to reopen should be
considered timely filed under the doctrine of equitable tolling because he was
diligently pursuing his case and Pereira’s change to the law was an extraordi-
nary circumstance that prevented him from filing earlier.
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6 Opinion of the Court 21-12438
not contain the date and time of his hearing, he did not receive no-
tice “in accordance with” § 1229(a)(1). 2
The IJ denied Mendoza-Ortiz’s motion. He concluded that
because Mendoza-Ortiz admitted he had actual notice of the time
and place of the removal hearing, he “received sufficient notice”
under § 1229(a). Mendoza-Ortiz appealed the IJ’s denial to the BIA
and reiterated his argument that to be valid, his NTA was required
by statute to contain all of the information set forth in § 1229(a)(1),
including the time and place of the removal hearing. He also ar-
gued that later receiving a notice of hearing that contained the re-
quired information could not satisfy the notice requirement under
§ 1229(a)(2) because that subsection applies only to changes to the
time and place of proceedings, and the time and date of his hearing
were never set, and therefore never rescheduled. The BIA dis-
missed Mendoza-Ortiz’s appeal. It adopted and affirmed the IJ’s
decision, concluding that Mendoza-Ortiz’s removal order should
not be rescinded because of the NTA’s purported deficiencies.
Mendoza-Ortiz petitioned this Court for review of the BIA’s
decision. One day later, he asked the BIA for reconsideration, ar-
guing among other things that the BIA failed to meaningfully con-
sider or rule on his arguments about rescission under
§ 1229a(b)(5)(C). The BIA denied his motion. The BIA agreed that
it had not explicitly addressed his rescission argument but noted
2 Mendoza-Ortiz made other alternative arguments, none of which he pre-
served for appeal.
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21-12438 Opinion of the Court 7
that it had adopted and affirmed the IJ’s decision. And that decision
had concluded that because Mendoza-Ortiz conceded he received
actual notice of his hearing, he could not meet the requirements
for rescission of his in absentia removal order. Mendoza-Ortiz filed
a second petition for review with this Court seeking review of the
BIA’s order denying his motion to reconsider. We consolidated
those petitions.
II.
We review only the decision of the BIA, except to the extent
that the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s decision. Kazemzadeh v. U.S.
Att’y Gen.,
577 F.3d 1341, 1350 (11th Cir. 2009). Where the BIA
agrees with the IJ’s reasoning, we also review the IJ’s decision to
that extent.
Id.
We review the denial of a motion to reopen an immigration
proceeding and the denial of a motion for reconsideration for abuse
of discretion. Jiang v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
568 F.3d 1252, 1256 (11th
Cir. 2009); Scheerer v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
513 F.3d 1244, 1252 (11th
Cir. 2008). We review de novo the BIA’s legal determinations and
interpretations of law. Castillo-Arias v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
446 F.3d
1190, 1195 (11th Cir. 2006).
III.
8 U.S.C. § 1229 governs the initiation of removal proceed-
ings against an alien who has been charged as removable for being
present in the United States without being admitted or paroled.
See
8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). An alien will be removed in absentia
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8 Opinion of the Court 21-12438
if he fails to attend the removal hearing after being issued “written
notice required under paragraph (1) or (2) of section 1229(a),” 8
U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(A), and the government shows by “clear and
convincing evidence” that the alien is deportable, id.
§ 1229a(c)(3)(A). But an in absentia removal order may be re-
scinded upon a motion to reopen: (i) filed within 180 days, “if the
alien demonstrates that the failure to appear was because of excep-
tional circumstances”; or (ii) “filed at any time if the alien demon-
strates that the alien did not receive notice in accordance with par-
agraph (1) or (2) of section 1229(a) of this title.” Id.
§ 1229a(b)(5)(C)(i)-(ii).
Section 1229(a)(1) requires the alien to be issued a written
NTA specifying, among other things, the time and place of his re-
moval hearing and the consequences for failing to attend it. Id.
§ 1229(a)(1). This is “paragraph (1)” notice. Dacostagomez-Agui-
lar v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
40 F.4th 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 2022). If there
is “any change or postponement in the time and place” of the re-
moval proceedings, the alien must be issued written notice speci-
fying the new time and place of the proceedings and the conse-
quences for failure to appear. § 1229(a)(2). This is “paragraph (2)”
notice. Dragomirescu v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
44 F.4th 1351, 1354–55
(11th Cir. 2022). 3 The alien need not receive both types of notice
3 In Dragomirescu, we stated that paragraph (2) notice is “commonly called a
‘notice of hearing.’”
Id. at 1354. Here, Mendoza-Ortiz received a deficient
NTA and later received a “notice of hearing” that specified the time and place
of his removal proceedings. Despite also being called a “notice of hearing,”
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21-12438 Opinion of the Court 9
— only the type applicable to his situation. Dacostagomez-Aguilar,
40 F.4th at 1317. So if the time and place of his removal proceeding
never change, all that is required is a statutorily compliant para-
graph (1) notice. Id. But if the time and place do change, all that is
required is a statutorily compliant paragraph (2) notice. Id.
The Supreme Court has recently clarified what is required
for a notice to be “in accordance with paragraph (1).” First, in Pe-
reira v. Sessions, the Supreme Court considered what notice was
required to trigger the so-called stop-time rule for cancellation of
removal. 138 S. Ct. at 2109–10; see 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(d)(1). It con-
cluded that a putative NTA that does not specify the time and place
of the removal proceedings “is not a ‘notice to appear under section
1229(a)’ and therefore does not trigger the stop-time rule.” Pereira,
138 S. Ct. at 2110 (quoting § 1229b(d)(1)(A)).
the notice Mendoza-Ortiz received is not paragraph (2) notice because the
time and date of his proceedings did not change. See
8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(2)
(“[I]n the case of any change or postponement in the time and place of such
proceedings . . . written notice shall be given in person to the alien.”). Men-
doza’s NTA did specify the place of his hearing — El Paso — which was later
changed to Miami. But because the NTA included “no time . . . to ‘change or
postpone,’” Mendoza-Ortiz’s later notice of hearing cannot satisfy paragraph
(2). See Pereira, 138 S. Ct. at 2114 (quoting
8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(2)). Even
though Mendoza-Ortiz’s NTA specified a hearing location that was later
changed, his hearing was never “rescheduled” and so paragraph (2) didn’t
come into play. See Dacostagomez-Aguilar, 40 F.4th at 1318–19; see also §
1229(a)(2) (“[I]n the case of any change or postponement in the time and place
of such proceedings . . . a written notice shall be given.”) (emphasis added). As
a result, Mendoza-Ortiz’s “notice of hearing” cannot satisfy the § 1229(a) no-
tice requirement as notice under paragraph (2).
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10 Opinion of the Court 21-12438
Next, in Niz-Chavez v. Garland, the Supreme Court held
that an NTA sufficient to trigger the stop-time rule must be a single
document containing all the information required by
8 U.S.C.
§ 1229(a)(1).
141 S. Ct. 1474, 1485–86 (2021). It rejected the gov-
ernment’s position that it could trigger the stop-time rule by serv-
ing a deficient NTA, which lacked the time and place of the hear-
ing, and then “complete” the NTA with a later notice of hearing
that supplied the missing information.
Id. at 1479–82.
After Pereira and Niz-Chavez, we determined that “[t]he no-
tice required to render an in absentia removal order lawful is the
notice for the particular hearing that was missed,” and therefore to
rescind such an order, “a movant must show that he failed to re-
ceive the notice for the hearing at which he was ordered removed.”
Dacostagomez-Aguilar, 40 F.4th at 1314. We concluded that the
word “or” in § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii) should be given its usual disjunc-
tive meaning and so the requirement of notice under paragraphs
(1) or (2) provided alternatives, stating that “the government must
show that one notice or the other was provided — not both — to
support an in absentia removal order.” Id. at 1316–17; see also 8
U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii) (describing an alien’s burden to show
that he “did not receive notice in accordance with paragraph (1) or
(2) of section 1229(a)” in order to establish that the removal order
should be rescinded) (emphasis added). We further explained that
the two types of notices covered different situations, as the notice
required under paragraph (1) informed the alien of the initial pro-
ceedings while the notice required under paragraph (2) informed
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21-12438 Opinion of the Court 11
the alien of the time and place of the removal proceedings only if
the hearing was rescheduled. 4 Id. We explained:
Which kind of notice is required — notice under par-
agraph (1) or paragraph (2) — is thus tied to the na-
ture of the hearing. For the original hearing, the gov-
ernment must provide a paragraph (1) notice to ap-
pear. But for any rescheduled hearing or additional
hearing to follow, paragraph (2) notice becomes nec-
essary.
Id.
4 The government contends that we should apply that the BIA’s decision in
Matter of Laparra, 28 I. & N Dec. 425 (BIA 2022). In that case the Board held
that an alien receives sufficient notice if he receives either “a statutorily com-
pliant notice to appear under section [1229(a)(1)] specifying the time and place
of the hearing at which he or she may be ordered removed and the conse-
quences of failing to appear for that hearing” or a “statutorily compliant notice
of hearing under section [1229(a)(2)], notifying him or her of this information.”
Id. at 433. Three of our sister circuits have already declined to follow Matter
of Laparra, including the First Circuit reviewing that case directly, by conclud-
ing that the clear text of § 1229(a) trumps the BIA’s decision. See Laparra-
Deleon v. Garland,
52 F.4th 514, 520 (1st Cir. 2022); Singh v. Garland,
24 F.4th
1315, 1317 (9th Cir. 2022), reh’g en banc denied,
51 F.4th 371 (9th Cir. 2022);
Rodriguez v. Garland,
15 F.4th 351, 355–56 (5th Cir. 2021), reh’g en banc de-
nied,
31 F.4th 935 (5th Cir. 2022). And in Dacostagomez-Aguilar we recog-
nized that notice can satisfy § 1229(a)(2) only when it is issued because of a
change in the time and place of the removal proceedings. 40 F.4th at 1318–19.
In any event, the time and date of Mendoza’s proceedings were never resched-
uled so Matter of Laparra is not on point.
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12 Opinion of the Court 21-12438
Mendoza-Ortiz was ordered removed for failing to attend
his first removal hearing. The date and time of that hearing were
never postponed or rescheduled, so the notice required to support
his in absentia removal order was an NTA. In Dragomirescu, we
acknowledged that “[i]n earlier times, DHS and its predecessor
agency would often send aliens incomplete notices to appear that
left the time and place of the aliens’ removal hearings blank.” 44
F.4th at 1354 n.2. But “the Supreme Court has made clear that this
approach does not comport with the INA’s statutory scheme” and
“to comply with the statute, the notice to appear must provide
within the four corners of a single document, all the information
the statute requires that it contain, including the time and place of
the removal hearing.” Id. (citing Pereira, 138 S. Ct. at 2111, and
Niz-Chavez, 141 S. Ct. at 1480–85). Because he never received a
single document that contained all the information required to be
in an NTA, Mendoza-Ortiz is entitled to rescission. 5 Accordingly,
5 The government contends that the INS’s failure to issue a statutorily com-
pliant NTA should be excused as “harmless error” because Mendoza admits
he had actual knowledge of the time and place of his removal proceedings and
still failed to attend them. The language of the notice statute, however, is
mandatory. See § 1229(a)(1) (“In removal proceedings under section 1229a of
this title, written notice . . . shall be given . . . to the alien.”). Bound by the
statute, we cannot excuse the deficient NTA as harmless error. See, e.g., Me.
Cmty. Health Options v. United States,
140 S. Ct. 1308, 1320 (2020) (“The first
sign that the statute imposed an obligation is its mandatory language: ‘shall.’
‘Unlike the word “may,” which implies discretion, the word “shall” usually
connotes a requirement.’”) (quoting Kingdomware Techs., Inc. v. United
States,
136 S. Ct. 1969, 1977 (2016)).
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21-12438 Opinion of the Court 13
we grant Mendoza-Ortiz’s petitions. If the government wishes to
remove Mendoza-Ortiz, it will have to send him a compliant notice
to appear at the reopened removal proceedings. See Da-
costagomez-Aguilar, 40 F.4th at 1319 (“An alien is eligible for a sec-
ond chance at removal proceedings if he never received the notice
telling him to attend the hearing he missed.”); Jiang,
568 F.3d at
1258.
PETITIONS GRANTED.
