Riverisland Cold Storage, Inc. v. Fresno-Madera Production Credit Ass'n , 55 Cal. 4th 1169 ( 2013 )

Filed 1/14/13
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA
RIVERISLAND COLD STORAGE, )
INC., et al., )
)
Plaintiffs and Appellants, )
) S190581
v. )
) Ct.App. 5 F058434
FRESNO-MADERA PRODUCTION )
CREDIT ASSOCIATION, ) Fresno County
) Super. Ct. No. 08CECG01416
Defendant and Respondent. )
____________________________________)
The parol evidence rule protects the integrity of written contracts by
making their terms the exclusive evidence of the parties‟ agreement. However, an
established exception to the rule allows a party to present extrinsic evidence to
show that the agreement was tainted by fraud. Here, we consider the scope of the
fraud exception to the parol evidence rule.
As we discuss below, the fraud exception is a longstanding one, and is
usually stated in broad terms. However, in 1935 this court adopted a limitation on
the fraud exception: evidence offered to prove fraud “must tend to establish some
independent fact or representation, some fraud in the procurement of the
instrument or some breach of confidence concerning its use, and not a promise
directly at variance with the promise of the writing.” (Bank of America etc. Assn.
v. Pendergrass (1935) 4 Cal.2d 258, 263 (Pendergrass).) The Pendergrass rule
has been criticized but followed by California courts, for the most part, though
1
some have narrowly construed it. The Court of Appeal in this case adopted such a
narrow construction, deciding that evidence of an alleged oral misrepresentation of
the written terms themselves is not barred by the Pendergrass rule.
Plaintiffs, who prevailed below, not only defend the Court of Appeal‟s
holding but, alternatively, invite us to reconsider Pendergrass. There are good
reasons for doing so. The Pendergrass limitation finds no support in the language
of the statute codifying the parol evidence rule and the exception for evidence of
fraud. It is difficult to apply. It conflicts with the doctrine of the Restatements,
most treatises, and the majority of our sister-state jurisdictions. Furthermore,
while intended to prevent fraud, the rule established in Pendergrass may actually
provide a shield for fraudulent conduct. Finally, Pendergrass departed from
established California law at the time it was decided, and neither acknowledged
nor justified the abrogation. We now conclude that Pendergrass was ill-
considered, and should be overruled.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs Lance and Pamela Workman fell behind on their loan payments
to defendant Fresno-Madera Production Credit Association (Credit Association or
Association). They restructured their debt in an agreement, dated March 26, 2007,
which confirmed outstanding loans with a total delinquency of $776, 380.24.1 In
the new agreement, the Credit Association promised it would take no enforcement
action until July 1, 2007, if the Workmans made specified payments. As
1 The Workmans signed individually as borrowers, and on behalf of the
Workman Family Living Trust as guarantors. Lance Workman also signed as
president of Riverisland Agribusiness and Riverisland Cold Storage, Inc.,
corporations designated in the agreement as “borrowers.” Riverisland Cold
Storage and the Workman Family Trust are also plaintiffs in this action. We
sometimes refer to plaintiffs collectively as “the Workmans.”
2
additional collateral, the Workmans pledged eight separate parcels of real
property. They initialed pages bearing the legal descriptions of these parcels.2
The Workmans did not make the required payments. On March 21, 2008,
the Credit Association recorded a notice of default. Eventually, the Workmans
repaid the loan and the Association dismissed its foreclosure proceedings. The
Workmans then filed this action, seeking damages for fraud and negligent
misrepresentation, and including causes of action for rescission and reformation of
the restructuring agreement. They alleged that the Association‟s vice president,
David Ylarregui, met with them two weeks before the agreement was signed, and
told them the Association would extend the loan for two years in exchange for
additional collateral consisting of two ranches. The Workmans further claimed
that when they signed the agreement Ylarregui assured them its term was two
years and the ranches were the only additional security. As noted, the contract
actually contemplated only three months of forbearance by the Association, and
identified eight parcels as additional collateral. The Workmans did not read the
agreement, but simply signed it at the locations tabbed for signature.
The Credit Association moved for summary judgment. It contended the
Workmans could not prove their claims because the parol evidence rule barred
evidence of any representations contradicting the terms of the written agreement.
In opposition, the Workmans argued that Ylarregui‟s misrepresentations were
admissible under the fraud exception to the parol evidence rule. Relying on
Pendergrass, supra, 4 Cal.2d 258, the trial court granted summary judgment,
2 Through an apparent oversight, their initials appear on only the first,
second, and last of the four pages listing the properties in which the Credit
Association took a security interest.
3
ruling that the fraud exception does not allow parol evidence of promises at odds
with the terms of the written agreement.
The Court of Appeal reversed. It reasoned that Pendergrass is limited to
cases of promissory fraud. 3 The court considered false statements about the
contents of the agreement itself to be factual misrepresentations beyond the scope
of the Pendergrass rule. We granted the Credit Association‟s petition for review.
II. DISCUSSION
A. The Parol Evidence Rule and the Pendergrass Limitation
The parol evidence rule is codified in Code of Civil Procedure section 1856
and Civil Code section 1625. It provides that when parties enter an integrated
written agreement, extrinsic evidence may not be relied upon to alter or add to the
terms of the writing.4 (Casa Herrera, Inc. v. Beydoun (2004) 32 Cal.4th 336, 343
(Casa Herrera).) “An integrated agreement is a writing or writings constituting a
final expression of one or more terms of an agreement.” (Rest.2d Contracts,
§ 209, subd. (1); see Alling v. Universal Manufacturing Corp. (1992)
3 One of the forms of “[a]ctual fraud” is “[a] promise made without any
intention of performing it.” (Civ. Code, § 1572, subd. 4; see Lazar v. Superior
Court (1996) 12 Cal.4th 631, 638 [“An action for promissory fraud may lie where
a defendant fraudulently induces the plaintiff to enter into a contract”]; 5 Witkin,
Summary of Cal. Law (10th ed. 2005) Torts, § 781, pp. 1131-1132.)
4 Code of Civil Procedure section 1856, subdivision (a) states: “Terms set
forth in a writing intended by the parties as a final expression of their agreement
with respect to such terms as are included therein may not be contradicted by
evidence of any prior agreement or of a contemporaneous oral agreement.”
Further unspecified statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
Civil Code section 1625 states: “The execution of a contract in writing,
whether the law requires it to be written or not, supersedes all the negotiations or
stipulations concerning its matter which preceded or accompanied the execution of
the instrument.”
4
5 Cal.App.4th 1412, 1433.) There is no dispute in this case that the parties‟
agreement was integrated.
Although the parol evidence rule results in the exclusion of evidence, it is
not a rule of evidence but one of substantive law. (Casa Herrera, supra,32 Cal.4th at p. 343.) It is founded on the principle that when the parties put all
the terms of their agreement in writing, the writing itself becomes the agreement.
The written terms supersede statements made during the negotiations. Extrinsic
evidence of the agreement‟s terms is thus irrelevant, and cannot be relied upon.
(Casa Herrera, at p. 344.) “[T]he parol evidence rule, unlike the statute of frauds,
does not merely serve an evidentiary purpose; it determines the enforceable and
incontrovertible terms of an integrated written agreement.” (Id. at p. 345; cf.
Sterling v. Taylor (2007) 40 Cal.4th 757, 766 [explaining evidentiary function of
statute of frauds].) The purpose of the rule is to ensure that the parties‟ final
understanding, deliberately expressed in writing, is not subject to change. (Casa
Herrera, at p. 345.)
Section 1856, subdivision (f) establishes a broad exception to the operation
of the parol evidence rule: “Where the validity of the agreement is the fact in
dispute, this section does not exclude evidence relevant to that issue.” This
provision rests on the principle that the parol evidence rule, intended to protect the
terms of a valid written contract, should not bar evidence challenging the validity
of the agreement itself. “Evidence to prove that the instrument is void or voidable
for mistake, fraud, duress, undue influence, illegality, alteration, lack of
consideration, or another invalidating cause is admissible. This evidence does not
contradict the terms of an effective integration, because it shows that the purported
instrument has no legal effect.” (2 Witkin, Cal. Evidence (5th ed. 2012)
Documentary Evidence, § 97, p. 242; see also id., §§ 66 & 72, pp. 206 & 211.)
5
The fraud exception is expressly stated in section 1856, subdivision (g): “This
section does not exclude other evidence . . . to establish . . . fraud.”
Despite the unqualified language of section 1856, which broadly permits
evidence relevant to the validity of an agreement and specifically allows evidence
of fraud, the Pendergrass court decided to impose a limitation on the fraud
exception.5 The facts of Pendergrass are similar in certain respects to those here.
Borrowers fell behind on their payments. They and the bank executed a new
promissory note, which was secured by additional collateral and payable on
demand. Soon after it was signed, the bank seized the encumbered property and
sued to enforce the note. In defense, the borrowers claimed the bank had promised
not to interfere with their farming operations for the remainder of the year, and to
take the proceeds of those operations in payment. They alleged that the bank had
no intention of performing these promises, but made them for the fraudulent
purpose of obtaining the new note and additional collateral. (Pendergrass, supra,
4 Cal.2d at pp. 259-262.)
The Pendergrass court concluded that further proceedings were required to
determine whether the lender had pursued the proper form of action.
(Pendergrass, supra, 4 Cal.2d at pp. 262-263.) However, the court also
considered whether oral testimony would be admissible to establish the lender‟s
alleged promise not to require payment until the borrowers sold their crops. “This
promise is in direct contravention of the unconditional promise contained in the
note to pay the money on demand. The question then is: Is such a promise the
5 The version of section 1856 in effect at the time of Pendergrass was
enacted in 1872. That statutory formulation of the parol evidence rule included
the terms now found in section 1856, subdivisions (f) and (g). (See
Recommendation Relating to Parol Evidence Rule (Nov. 1977) 14 Cal. Law
Revision Com. Rep. (1978) p. 147.)
6
subject of parol proof for the purpose of establishing fraud as a defense to the
action or by way of cancelling the note, assuming, of course, that it can be
properly coupled with proof that it was made without any intention of performing
it?” (Id. at p. 263.)
“Our conception of the rule which permits parol evidence of fraud to
establish the invalidity of the instrument is that it must tend to establish some
independent fact or representation, some fraud in the procurement of the
instrument or some breach of confidence concerning its use, and not a promise
directly at variance with the promise of the writing. We find apt language in
Towner v. Lucas’ Exr. [(1857)] 54 Va. (13 Gratt.) 705, 716, in which to express
our conviction: „It is reasoning in a circle, to argue that fraud is made out, when it
is shown by oral testimony that the obligee contemporaneously with the execution
of a bond, promised not to enforce it. Such a principle would nullify the rule: for
conceding that such an agreement is proved, or any other contradicting the written
instrument, the party seeking to enforce the written agreement according to its
terms, would always be guilty of fraud. The true question is, Was there any such
agreement? And this can only be established by legitimate testimony. For reasons
founded in wisdom and to prevent frauds and perjuries, the rule of the common
law excludes such oral testimony of the alleged agreement; and as it cannot be
proved by legal evidence, the agreement itself in legal contemplation, cannot be
regarded as existing in fact.‟ ” (Pendergrass, supra, 4 Cal.2d at pp. 263-264.)
B. Reactions to Pendergrass
Despite some criticism, Pendergrass has survived for over 75 years and the
Courts of Appeal have followed it, albeit with varying degrees of fidelity. (See
Casa Herrera, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 346; Duncan v. The McCaffrey Group, Inc.
(2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 346, 369-377 [reviewing cases]; Price v. Wells Fargo
Bank (1989) 213 Cal.App.3d 465, 484-485 [discussing criticism]; Sweet,
7
Promissory Fraud and the Parol Evidence Rule (1961) 49 Cal. L.Rev. 877
(Sweet) [criticizing Pendergrass].) Until now, this court has not revisited the
Pendergrass rule.6
The primary ground of attack on Pendergrass has been that it is
inconsistent with the principle, reflected in the terms of section 1856, that a
contract may be invalidated by a showing of fraud. (Coast Bank v. Holmes (1971)
19 Cal.App.3d 581, 591; Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 887; Note, Parol
Evidence: Admissibility to Show That a Promise Was Made Without Intention to
Perform It (1950) 38 Cal. L.Rev. 535, 538 (Note); see also Pacific State Bank v.
Greene (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 375, 390, 392.) Evidence is deemed admissible
for the purpose of proving fraud, without restriction, in the Restatements. (Rest.2d
Contracts, § 214, subd. (d), and coms. c & d, pp. 134-135; see also id., § 166, com.
c, p. 452; Rest.2d Torts, § 530, com. c, p. 65.) Most of the treatises agree that
evidence of fraud is not affected by the parol evidence rule. (E.g., 6 Corbin on
Contracts (rev. ed. 2010) § 25.20[A], pp. 277-280; II Farnsworth on Contracts (3d
ed. 2004) § 7.4, pp. 245-246; 11 Williston on Contracts (4th ed. 1999) § 33:17, pp.
632-633.) The majority of other jurisdictions follow this traditional view. (See
Airs Intern., Inc. v. Perfect Scents Distributions (N.D.Cal. 1995) 902 F.Supp.
1141, 1146, fn. 15; Touche Ross, Ltd. v. Filipek (Haw.Ct.App. 1989) 778 P.2d
721, 728; Pinnacle Peak Developers v. TRW Investment Corp. (Ariz.Ct.App.
1980) 631 P.2d 540, 545 [collecting cases]; Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at p.
889.)
6 Casa Herrera was not itself a parol evidence case; there we held that a
nonsuit based on the parol evidence rule amounted to a favorable termination for
purposes of a subsequent malicious prosecution action. (Casa Herrera, supra, 32
Cal.4th at p. 349.)
8
Underlying the objection that Pendergrass overlooks the impact of fraud on
the validity of an agreement is a more practical concern: its limitation on evidence
of fraud may itself further fraudulent practices. As an Oregon court noted: “Oral
promises made without the promisor‟s intention that they will be performed could
be an effective means of deception if evidence of those fraudulent promises were
never admissible merely because they were at variance with a subsequent written
agreement.” (Howell v. Oregonian Publishing Co. (Or.Ct.App. 1987) 735 P.2d
659, 661; see Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 896 [“Promises made without the
intention on the part of the promisor that they will be performed are unfortunately
a facile and effective means of deception”].) Corbin observes: “The best reason
for allowing fraud and similar undermining factors to be proven extrinsically is the
obvious one: if there was fraud, or a mistake or some form of illegality, it is
unlikely that it was bargained over or will be recited in the document. To bar
extrinsic evidence would be to make the parol evidence rule a shield to protect
misconduct or mistake.” (6 Corbin on Contracts, supra, § 25.20[A], p. 280.)
Pendergrass has been criticized on other grounds as well. The distinction
between promises deemed consistent with the writing and those considered
inconsistent has been described as “tenuous.” (Coast Bank v. Holmes, supra,
19 Cal.App.3d at p. 591; see Simmons v. Cal. Institute of Technology (1949)
34 Cal.2d 264, 274; Note, supra, 38 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 537 [discussing Simmons];
Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 896 [“any attempt to forecast results in this area
is a hazardous undertaking”].) The distinction between false promises and
misrepresentations of fact has been called “very troublesome.” (Sweet, supra,
49 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 895.) It has also been noted that some courts have resisted
applying the Pendergrass limitation by various means, leading to uncertainty in
the case law. (See Duncan v. The McCaffrey Group, Inc., supra, 200 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 369, 376-377; Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at pp. 885-886; id. at p. 907
9
[“The California experience demonstrates that even where a restrictive rule is
adopted, many devices will develop to avoid its impact”]; Note, The Fraud
Exception to the Parol Evidence Rule: Necessary Protection for Fraud Victims or
Loophole for Clever Parties? (2009) 82 So.Cal. L.Rev. 809, 829 (Fraud
Exception) [reviewing cases, and concluding that “inconsistent application of the
fraud exception . . . undermines the belief that the Pendergrass rule is clear,
defensible, and viable”].)7
In 1977, the California Law Revision Commission ignored Pendergrass
when it proposed modifications to the statutory formulation of the parol evidence
7 For instance, it has been held, erroneously, that Pendergrass has no
application to a fraud cause of action. (Cobbledick-Kibbe Glass Co. v. Pugh
(1958) 161 Cal.App.2d 123, 126; see West v. Henderson (1991) 227 Cal.App.3d
1578, 1584.) Fine distinctions between consistent and inconsistent promises have
been made, with no effort to evaluate the relative weight attached by the defrauded
party to the consistent and inconsistent representations. (E.g., Coast Bank v.
Holmes, supra, 19 Cal.App.3d at p. 592; Shyvers v. Mitchell (1955) 133
Cal.App.2d 569, 573-574.) On one occasion, Pendergrass was simply flouted.
(Munchow v. Kraszewski (1976) 56 Cal.App.3d 831, 836.)
The most well-developed detour around Pendergrass has drawn a line
between false promises at variance with the terms of a contract and
misrepresentations of fact about the contents of the document. This theory, on
which the Court of Appeal below relied, was articulated at length in Pacific State
Bank v. Greene, supra, 110 Cal.App.4th at pages 390-396. However, in our view
the Greene approach merely adds another layer of complexity to the Pendergrass
rule, and depends on an artificial distinction. In Greene, a borrower was allegedly
assured she was guaranteeing only certain indebtedness, an assurance that was
both a false promise and a misrepresentation of the contract terms. (Greene,
supra, 110 Cal.App.4th at pp. 382-383.) The Greene court conceded that evidence
of the promise would have been inadmissible had it not been made when the
contract was executed. (Id. at p. 394.) In this case, the Greene rule would exclude
Ylarregui‟s alleged false promises in advance of the parties‟ agreement, but allow
evidence of the same promises at the signing. For another example of an elusive
distinction between false promises and factual misrepresentations, see Continental
Airlines, Inc. v. McDonnell Douglas Corp. (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 388, 419-423.
10
rule. The Commission advised the Legislature to conform the terms of section
1856 with rulings handed down by this court, observing: “As the parol evidence
rule exists in California today, it bears little resemblance to the statutory statement
of the rule.” (Recommendation Relating to Parol Evidence Rule, 14 Cal. Law
Revision Com. Rep., supra, pp. 147-148.) The Commission identified three
opinions for consideration in designing revisions to the statute. (Id. at p. 148, fns.
6, 7, & 10, citing Delta Dynamics, Inc. v. Arioto (1968) 69 Cal.2d 525, Pacific
Gas & E. Co. v. G. W. Thomas Drayage etc. Co. (1968) 69 Cal.2d 33, and
Masterson v. Sine (1968) 68 Cal.2d 222.)
Conspicuously omitted was any mention of Pendergrass and its
nonstatutory limitation on the fraud exception. The Commission‟s discussion of
the parol evidence rule set out the fraud exception without restriction, citing Coast
Bank v. Holmes, supra, 19 Cal.App.3d 581, which was strongly critical of
Pendergrass. (Recommendation Relating to Parol Evidence Rule, 14 Cal. Law
Revision Com. Rep., supra, p. 148.)8 The Commission‟s proposed revisions were
adopted by the Legislature. They included no substantive changes to the statutory
language allowing evidence that goes to the validity of an agreement, and
evidence of fraud in particular. (Recommendation, at p. 152; see Stats. 1978, ch.
150, § 1, pp. 374-375.)
On the other hand, Pendergrass has had its defenders. Its limitation on
evidence of fraud has been described as “an entirely defensible decision favoring
8 The Commission‟s awareness of Pendergrass is also indicated by its
reliance on a law review article suggesting reforms to the parol evidence rule,
which implicitly criticized Pendergrass. (Sweet, Contract Making and Parol
Evidence: Diagnosis and Treatment of a Sick Rule (1968) 53 Cornell L.Rev.
1036, 1049, fn. 67; see Recommendation Relating to Parol Evidence Rule, 14 Cal.
Law Revision Com. Rep., supra, p. 147, fns. 2 & 3.)
11
the policy considerations underlying the parol evidence rule over those supporting
a fraud cause of action.” (Price v. Wells Fargo Bank, supra, 213 Cal.App.3d at
p. 485; accord, Duncan v. The McCaffrey Group, Inc., supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at
p. 369; Banco Do Brasil, S.A. v. Latian, Inc. (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 973, 1010.)
The Price court observed that “[a] broad doctrine of promissory fraud may allow
parties to litigate disputes over the meaning of contract terms armed with an
arsenal of tort remedies inappropriate to the resolution of commercial disputes.”
(Price, supra, at p. 485; see also Banco Do Brasil, at pp. 1010-1011.)
We note as well that the Pendergrass approach is not entirely without
support in the treatises and law reviews. Wigmore, in a comment relied upon by
the bank in Pendergrass and referred to indirectly by the Pendergrass court, has
opined that an intent not to perform a promise should not be considered fraudulent
for purposes of the parol evidence rule. (IX Wigmore, Evidence (Chadbourn rev.
1981) § 2439, p. 130; see Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 883; Pendergrass,
supra, 4 Cal.2d at p. 264.) A recent law review comment, while critical of
Pendergrass, favors limiting the scope of the fraud exception and advocates an
even stricter rule for sophisticated parties. (Fraud Exception, supra, 82 So.Cal.
L.Rev. at pp. 812-813.)
C. Pendergrass Reconsidered
There are multiple reasons to question whether Pendergrass has stood the
test of time. It has been criticized as bad policy. Its limitation on the fraud
exception is inconsistent with the governing statute, and the Legislature did not
adopt that limitation when it revised section 1856 based on a survey of California
case law construing the parol evidence rule. Pendergrass‟s divergence from the
path followed by the Restatements, the majority of other states, and most
commentators is cause for concern, and leads us to doubt whether restricting fraud
claims is necessary to serve the purposes of the parol evidence rule. Furthermore,
12
the functionality of the Pendergrass limitation has been called into question by the
vagaries of its interpretations in the Courts of Appeal.
We respect the principle of stare decisis, but reconsideration of a poorly
reasoned opinion is nevertheless appropriate.9 It is settled that if a decision
departed from an established general rule without discussing the contrary
authority, its weight as precedent is diminished. (See, e.g., Phelan v. Superior
Court (1950) 35 Cal.2d 363, 367-369; 9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed. 2008)
Appeal, § 537, pp. 606-608.) Accordingly, we review the state of the law on the
scope of the fraud exception when Pendergrass was decided, to determine if it was
consistent with California law at that time.
9 “ „The doctrine of stare decisis expresses a fundamental policy . . . that a
rule once declared in an appellate decision constitutes a precedent which should
normally be followed . . . . It is based on the assumption that certainty,
predictability and stability in the law are the major objectives of the legal system
. . . .‟ (9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (3d ed. 1985) Appeal, § 758, p. 726; Moradi-
Shalal v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Companies (1988) 46 Cal.3d 287, 296.) But, as
Justice Frankfurter wrote, it equally is true that „ “ „[s]tare decisis is a principle of
policy and not a mechanical formula of adherence to the latest decision, however
recent and questionable, when such adherence involves collision with a prior
doctrine more embracing in its scope, intrinsically sounder, and verified by
experience.‟ [Citations.]” ‟ (Cianci v. Superior Court (1985) 40 Cal.3d 903, 923-
924, quoting Boys Markets v. Clerks Union (1970) 398 U.S. 235, 240-241.) As
this court has stated: „Although the doctrine [of stare decisis] does indeed serve
important values, it nevertheless should not shield court-created error from
correction.‟ (Cianci v. Superior Court, supra, 40 Cal.3d at p. 924; County of Los
Angeles v. Faus (1957) 48 Cal.2d 672, 679 [„Previous decisions should not be
followed to the extent that error may be perpetuated and that wrong may result.‟].
See also the concurring opinion of Justice Mosk in Smith v. Anderson (1967) 67
Cal.2d 635, 646, quoting Wolf v. Colorado (1949) 338 U.S. 25, 47 [„ “Wisdom too
often never comes, and so one ought not to reject it merely because it comes
late.” ‟].)” (Peterson v. Superior Court (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1185, 1195-1196; see
also Freeman & Mills, Inc. v. Belcher Oil Co. (1995) 11 Cal.4th 85, 92-93.)
13
Earlier cases from this court routinely stated without qualification that parol
evidence was admissible to prove fraud. (E.g., Martin v. Sugarman (1933) 218
Cal. 17, 19; Ferguson v. Koch (1928) 204 Cal. 342, 347; Mooney v. Cyriacks
(1921) 185 Cal. 70, 80; Maxson v. Llewelyn (1898) 122 Cal. 195, 199; Hays v.
Gloster (1891) 88 Cal. 560, 565; Brison v. Brison (1888) 75 Cal. 525, 528; see
also 10 Cal.Jur. (1923) Evidence § 203, pp. 937-938; Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev.
at pp. 880-882.) As the Ferguson court declared, “Parol evidence is always
admissible to prove fraud, and it was never intended that the parol evidence rule
should be used as a shield to prevent the proof of fraud.” (Ferguson, supra,
204 Cal. at p. 347.)
Historically, this unconditional rule was applied in cases of promissory
fraud. For instance, in Langley v. Rodriguez (1898) 122 Cal. 580, the trial court
excluded evidence of an oral promise by a packing company agent to make an
advance payment to a grower. This court reversed, stating: “The oral promise to
pay part of the agreed price in advance of the curing of the crop was in conflict
with the provision of the written contract that payment would be made on delivery
of the raisins at the packing-house, and if the promise was honestly made it was
undoubtedly within the rule forbidding proof of a contemporaneous or prior oral
agreement to detract from the terms of a contract in writing. The rule cannot be
avoided by showing that the promise outside the writing has been broken; such
breach in itself does not constitute fraud. [Citations.] But a promise made without
any intention of performing it is one of the forms of actual fraud (Civ. Code, sec.
1572); and cases are not infrequent where relief against a contract reduced to
writing has been granted on the ground that its execution was procured by means
of oral promises fraudulent in the particular mentioned, however variant from the
terms of the written engagement into which they were the means of inveigling the
14
party. [Citations.]” (Langley, supra, 122 Cal. at pp. 581-582; see also, e.g., Hays
v. Gloster, supra, 88 Cal. at p. 565; Brison v. Brison, supra, 75 Cal. at p. 528.)
Interestingly, two years after Pendergrass this court fell back on the old
rule in Fleury v. Ramacciotti (1937) 8 Cal.2d 660, a promissory fraud case.
Ramacciotti, a mortgage debtor, claimed he had signed a renewal note without
reading it, relying on a false promise that the note included a provision barring a
deficiency judgment. (Id. at p. 661.) The trial court ruled in Ramacciotti‟s favor.
The Fleury court affirmed, stating summarily: “Plaintiff‟s contention that the
evidence was admitted in violation of the parol evidence rule is of course
untenable, for although a written instrument may supersede prior negotiations and
understandings leading up to it, fraud may always be shown to defeat the effect of
an agreement.” (Id. at p. 662; see also Stock v. Meek (1950) 35 Cal.2d 809, 815-
816 [mistake of law case, quoting old rule and language from Rest. of Contracts
permitting extrinsic evidence of mistake or fraud].)
Thus, Pendergrass was plainly out of step with established California law.
Moreover, the authorities to which it referred, upon examination, provide little
support for the rule it declared. The Pendergrass court relied primarily on Towner
v. Lucas’ Exr., supra, 54 Va. 705, quoting that opinion at length. (Pendergrass,
supra, 4 Cal.2d at pp. 263-264.) In Towner, a debtor relied on an oral promise of
indemnity against payment on surety bonds. However, no fraud was alleged, nor
was it claimed that the promise had been made without the intent to perform, an
essential element of promissory fraud. (Towner, supra, 54 Va. at pp. 706, 722; see
Langley v. Rodriguez, supra, 122 Cal. at p. 581; 5 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law,
supra, Torts, § 781, p. 1131.) While dicta in Towner provides some support for
the Pendergrass rule, the Towner court appeared to be principally concerned with
the consequences of a rule that mere proof of nonperformance of an oral promise
15
at odds with the writing would establish fraud. (Towner, supra, 54 Va. at p. 716;
see Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at pp. 884-885.)
Pendergrass also cited a number of California cases. Yet not one of them
considered the fraud exception to the parol evidence rule. (Pendergrass, supra,
4 Cal.2d at p. 264, citing Harding v. Robinson (1917) 175 Cal. 534, Lindemann v.
Coryell (1922) 59 Cal.App. 788, McArthur v. Johnson (1932) 216 Cal. 580, Pierce
v. Avakian (1914) 167 Cal. 330, Booth v. Hoskins (1888) 75 Cal. 271, and Estate
of Watterson (1933) 130 Cal.App. 741. See Harding, at p. 539 [“As the complaint
is totally insufficient to raise an issue of fraud, so, also, are the findings totally
insufficient to establish fraud”]; Lindemann, at p. 791 [“no questions of fraud,
deceit or mistake are raised”]; McArthur, at p. 581 [“ „No issues of invalidity,
illegality, fraud, accident or mistake were tendered‟ ”]; Pierce, at p. 331 [no
allegation of fraud]; Booth, at p. 276 [no fraud; “The whole case shows that Booth
justly owed the defendant all the money claimed by him”]; Watterson, at p. 745
[discussing mistake and ambiguity, but not fraud].)
Accordingly, we conclude that Pendergrass was an aberration. It purported
to follow section 1856 (Pendergrass, supra, 4 Cal.2d at p. 264), but its restriction
on the fraud exception was inconsistent with the terms of the statute, and with
settled case law as well. Pendergrass failed to account for the fundamental
principle that fraud undermines the essential validity of the parties‟ agreement.
When fraud is proven, it cannot be maintained that the parties freely entered into
an agreement reflecting a meeting of the minds. Moreover, Pendergrass has led to
instability in the law, as courts have strained to avoid abuses of the parol evidence
rule. The Pendergrass court sought to “ „prevent frauds and perjuries‟ ” (id. at
p. 263), but ignored California law protecting against promissory fraud. The fraud
exception has been part of the parol evidence rule since the earliest days of our
jurisprudence, and the Pendergrass opinion did not justify the abridgment it
16
imposed. For these reasons, we overrule Pendergrass and its progeny, and
reaffirm the venerable maxim stated in Ferguson v. Koch, supra, 204 Cal. at
page 347: “[I]t was never intended that the parol evidence rule should be used as a
shield to prevent the proof of fraud.”
This court took a similar action in Tenzer v. Superscope, Inc. (1985)
39 Cal.3d 18 (Tenzer). Tenzer disapproved a 44-year-old line of cases to bring
California law into accord with the Restatement Second of Torts, holding that a
fraud action is not barred when the allegedly fraudulent promise is unenforceable
under the statute of frauds. Considerations that were persuasive in Tenzer also
support our conclusion here. The Tenzer court decided the Restatement view was
better as a matter of policy.10 (Tenzer, supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 29.) It noted the
principle that a rule intended to prevent fraud, in that case the statute of frauds,
should not be applied so as to facilitate fraud. (Id. at p. 30.) The court further
reasoned that restricting fraud claims was not necessary to prevent nullification of
the statute of frauds, because promissory fraud is not easily established. Proof of
intent not to perform is required. It is insufficient to show an unkept but honest
promise, or mere subsequent failure of performance. (Ibid.) “ „[S]omething more
than nonperformance is required to prove the defendant‟s intent not to perform his
promise.‟ [Citations.] To be sure, fraudulent intent must often be established by
circumstantial evidence. . . . However, if [a] plaintiff adduces no further evidence
10 Tenzer observed: “ „Comment (c) to section 530 of the Restatement
Second of the Law of Torts states that a misrepresentation of one‟s intention is
actionable even “when the agreement is oral and made unenforceable by the
statute of frauds, or when it is unprovable and so unenforceable under the parol
evidence rule.” ‟ ” (Tenzer, supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 29.) Witkin, noting this
reference to the parol evidence rule, questioned whether the Pendergrass
limitation would survive. (2 Witkin, Cal. Evidence, supra, Documentary
Evidence § 100, pp. 245-246.)
17
of fraudulent intent than proof of nonperformance of an oral promise, he will
never reach a jury.” (Id. at pp. 30-31.)
Here, as in Tenzer, we stress that the intent element of promissory fraud
entails more than proof of an unkept promise or mere failure of performance. We
note also that promissory fraud, like all forms of fraud, requires a showing of
justifiable reliance on the defendant‟s misrepresentation. (Lazar v. Superior
Court, supra, 12 Cal.4th at p. 638.) The Credit Association contends the
Workmans failed to present evidence sufficient to raise a triable issue on the
element of reliance, given their admitted failure to read the contract. However, we
decline to decide this question in the first instance. The trial court did not reach
the issue of reliance in the summary judgment proceedings below, nor did the
Court of Appeal address it.11
11 In Rosenthal v. Great Western Fin. Securities Corp. (1996) 14 Cal.4th 394,
419 (Rosenthal), we considered whether parties could justifiably rely on
misrepresentations when they did not read their contracts. We held that negligent
failure to acquaint oneself with the contents of a written agreement precludes a
finding that the contract is void for fraud in the execution. (Id. at p. 423.) In that
context, “[o]ne party‟s misrepresentations as to the nature or character of the
writing do not negate the other party‟s apparent manifestation of assent, if the
second party had „reasonable opportunity to know of the character or essential
terms of the proposed contract.‟ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
We expressed no view in Rosenthal on the “validity” and “exact
parameters” of a more lenient rule that has been applied when equitable relief is
sought for fraud in the inducement of a contract. (Rosenthal, supra, 14 Cal.4th at
p. 423; see California Trust Co. v. Cohn (1932) 214 Cal. 619, 627; Fleury v.
Ramaciotti, supra, 8 Cal.2d at p. 662; Lynch v. Cruttenden & Co. (1993) 18
Cal.App.4th 802, 807; 1 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law, supra, Contracts, § 301,
pp. 327-328.) Here as well we need not explore the degree to which failure to read
the contract affects the viability of a claim of fraud in the inducement.
18
III. DISPOSITION
We affirm the Court of Appeal‟s judgment.
CORRIGAN, J.
WE CONCUR:
CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.
KENNARD, J.
BAXTER, J.
WERDEGAR, J.
CHIN, J.
LIU, J.
19
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.
Name of Opinion Riverisland Cold Storage, Inc. v. Fresno-Madera Production Credit Association
__________________________________________________________________________________
Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal
Original Proceeding
Review Granted XXX 191 Cal.App.4th 611Rehearing Granted
__________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion No. S190581
Date Filed: January 14, 2013
__________________________________________________________________________________
Court: Superior
County: Fresno
Judge: Adolfo M. Corona
__________________________________________________________________________________
Counsel:
LaMontagne & Terhar, Eric A. Amador; Wild, Carter & Tipton and Steven E. Paganetti for Plaintiffs and
Appellants.
Lang, Richert & Patch, Scott J. Ivy, Ana de Alba; Dowling, Aaron & Keeler, Nickolas J. Dibiaso and
Lynne Thaxter Brown for Defendant and Respondent.
Reed Smith, Peter S. Muñoz, Raymond A. Cardozo and Dennis Peter Maio for California Bankers
Association as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Respondent.
Downey Brand, Daniel J. Coyle and Cassandra M. Ferrannini for American AgCredit, ACA, CoBank,
Farm Credit Services of Colusa-Glenn, ACA, Farm Credit West, ACA, Northern California Farm Credit,
ACA, U.S. AgBank, FCB, and Yosemite Farm Credit, ACA, as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendant and
Respondent.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):
Steven E. Paganetti
Wild, Carter & Tipton
246 West Shaw Avenue
Fresno, CA 93704
(559) 224-2131
Scott J. Ivy
Lang, Richert & Patch
5200 North Palm Avenue, Fourth Floor
Fresno, CA 93755-0012
(559) 228-6700