D. Steilman v. Michael , 389 Mont. 512 ( 2017 )

12/13/2017
OP 16-0328
Case Number: OP 16-0328
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2017 MT 310
DERRICK EARL STEILMAN,
Petitioner,
v.
REGINALD MICHAEL, Director, Montana
Department of Corrections,
TIMOTHY CHARLES FOX, Montana Attorney General,
Respondents.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING: Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus
District Court of the Second Judicial District,
In and for the County of Silver Bow, Cause No. DC 98-131
Honorable James E. Purcell, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Petitioner:
Colin M. Stephens (argued), Nick K. Brooke (argued), Smith & Stephens,
P.C., Missoula, Montana
For Respondents:
Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Jonathan M. Krauss (argued),
Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Colleen Ambrose, Chief Legal Counsel, Montana Department of
Corrections, Helena, Montana
Argued and Submitted: May 17, 2017
Decided: December 13, 2017
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
OPINION AND ORDER
Justice James Jeremiah Shea delivered the Opinion and Order of the Court.
¶1 Derrick Earl Steilman petitions for a writ of habeas corpus. Relying on Miller v.
Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012), and Montgomery v. Louisiana, ___ U.S.
___, 136 S. Ct. 718 (2016), Steilman argues that his sentence of 110 years imprisonment,
without the possibility of parole, for deliberate homicide with the use of a weapon, violates
his Eighth Amendment rights because Steilman committed the offense when he was
seventeen years old and the sentencing court failed to consider the special circumstances
of his youth.
¶2 We address the following issues:
Issue One: Whether Miller and Montgomery apply to Montana’s discretionary
sentencing scheme.
Issue Two: Whether Steilman’s sentence qualifies as a de facto life sentence to
which Miller and Montgomery apply.
¶3 We hold that Miller and Montgomery apply to discretionary sentences in Montana.
Regarding the applicability to de facto life sentences in Montana, the dispositive issue in
this case is whether the unique circumstances of Steilman’s Montana sentence, when
viewed in light of his eligibility for day-for-day good time credit and the concurrent
sentence he is presently serving in Washington, qualifies as a de facto life sentence to which
Miller’s substantive rule applies. We conclude that Steilman’s sentence does not qualify
as a de facto life sentence, and therefore we do not reach the merits of whether the District
Court properly considered the special circumstances of Steilman’s youth in this case as
required by Miller. We deny Steilman’s petition.
2
PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND
¶4 On the night of September 17–18, 1996, Steilman and his accomplice, Steven
Francis, made a pact to kill someone as a show of trust before pursuing a criminal enterprise
together that included a planned bank robbery. Steilman and Francis randomly crossed
paths with Paul Bischke. Steilman and Francis demanded Bischke’s money, then struck
him at least four times in the head, face, and arms with a crow bar, killing him. At the time
he committed this murder, Steilman was 17 years and 323 days old, six weeks before his
eighteenth birthday.
¶5 Steilman then moved to Tacoma, Washington, where nearly two years later, on or
about September 10, 1998, he killed Jack Davis by beating Davis with a baseball bat.
Within a week, Steilman and his then-girlfriend Colleen Wood were arrested in Butte in
connection with the Washington homicide. Wood reported that Steilman took her to
Davis’s apartment to show her Davis’s body. Another former girlfriend of Steilman’s told
law enforcement that he admitted to killing someone and acted “as if it was nothing,” but
she waited to contact law enforcement because Steilman threatened to kill her. The
presentence investigation report provided Steilman dropped out of school before the tenth
grade in large part due to drug and alcohol abuse, which started when he was thirteen. The
report also provided that Steilman surrounded himself with “friends and acquaintances
[who] were almost all using drugs and alcohol and living a criminal lifestyle to support
their addictions.”
¶6 On October 5, 1998, the State charged Steilman with deliberate homicide. The
prosecution commenced in Youth Court because Steilman was under eighteen when he
3
committed the first murder. The State moved to transfer Steilman’s case to District Court.
The Youth Court found: Steilman was seventeen years old when he committed the offense;
probable cause existed; the delinquent act constituted deliberate homicide; the gravity of
the offense and protection of the community required treatment beyond that afforded by
juvenile facilities; the offense was committed in an aggressive and violent manner; and
§ 41-5-206(3) (1995), MCA, required transfer to the District Court.
¶7 Following the transfer to District Court, Steilman was returned to Washington for
prosecution of Davis’s murder. He pled guilty to first degree murder and was sentenced to
260 months of incarceration plus 24 months for the use of a weapon, totaling 23 years, 8
months. As an inmate of the State of Washington, Steilman was returned on a detainer
order to be prosecuted in Montana for Bischke’s murder.
¶8 On October 1, 1999, Steilman pled guilty to deliberate homicide. On October 15,
1999, the District Court sentenced Steilman to the Montana State Prison for 100 years for
deliberate homicide and 10 years for the use of a weapon, to run consecutively. The District
Court reasoned that “the gravity and random nature of the murder . . . [, Steilman’s]
commission of another homicide, the punishment permitted by law and the possibility, or
lack thereof, of rehabilitation” justified the 110-year sentence. The District Court also
ordered Steilman ineligible for parole, remarking the “commission of a senseless, brutal,
random homicide demonstrates that [Steilman] is not a suitable candidate for parole or
other supervised release.”
¶9 Steilman’s Montana sentence is eligible for day-for-day good time allowance,
which, contingent upon his behavior in prison, could make him eligible for release in 55
4
years. Section 53-30-105, MCA (1995); see Wilcock v. State, No. OP 11-0442,
362 Mont. 544, 272 P.3d 125 (table) (Sept. 13, 2011). Also, the District Court ordered
Steilman’s 110-year prison term to run concurrent with his 23 years, 8 months Washington
sentence. Under Washington law, Steilman is required to serve at least two-thirds of his
sentence before he would be eligible for community release.
DISCUSSION
¶10 Section 46-22-101, MCA, provides “every person imprisoned or otherwise
restrained of liberty within this state may prosecute a writ of habeas corpus to inquire into
the cause of imprisonment or restraint and, if illegal, to be delivered from the imprisonment
or restraint.” Article II, Section 19 of the Montana Constitution guarantees the writ of
habeas corpus shall never be suspended. The writ of habeas corpus is available to challenge
the legality of the sentence; however, it is not available to attack the validity of the
conviction or sentence of a person who has been adjudged guilty of an offense in a court
of record and has exhausted the remedy of appeal. Sections 46-21-101(1), -22-101(2),
MCA; Rudolph v. Day, 273 Mont. 309, 311, 902 P.2d 1007, 1008 (1995). The exception
for filing habeas petitions to challenge a facially invalid sentence is generally limited to
invalidity that “stems from a rule created after time limits for directly appealing or
petitioning for postconviction relief have expired.” Beach v. State, 2015 MT 118, ¶ 6, 379
Mont. 74, 348 P.3d 629 (citing Lott v. State, 2006 MT 279, ¶ 22, 334 Mont. 270,
150 P.3d 337). A petitioner who successfully challenges a sentence by way of habeas
corpus, but not the underlying conviction, is not entitled to be released, but only to be
resentenced. Lott, ¶ 23. If the illegal portion of a sentence “affects the entire sentence”
5
and we are unable to discern what the district court would have done if it had properly
applied the law, we remand for resentencing. State v. Heath, 2005 MT 280, ¶ 7,
329 Mont. 226, 123 P.2d 228.
¶11 Issue One: Whether Miller and Montgomery apply to Montana’s discretionary
sentencing scheme.
¶12 The State argues that Steilman’s sentence is not facially invalid and habeas relief is
not available because the sentencing court had the constitutional authority to impose the
sentence. The State contends that Miller’s rules only apply to sentencing schemes
mandating life without parole for juvenile offenders, and that the “mandatory sentencing
rule has no application in Montana.” See Beach, ¶ 36. The State further contends that
Miller merely requires the sentencing court to follow a certain process before imposing a
life without parole sentence on a juvenile, and does not “foreclose a sentencer’s ability to
make that judgment in homicide cases.” Miller, 567 U.S. at 480, 132 S. Ct. at 2469.
According to the State, under Miller a sentencing court retains the constitutional authority
to sentence a juvenile to life without parole; therefore, as a matter of law, such a sentence
cannot be facially invalid under Lott. See Beach, ¶ 38; Lott, ¶ 22. We disagree, and are
satisfied that Steilman sufficiently calls into question the facial validity of his sentence
because Montgomery announced that Miller applies retroactively and effectively overruled
our holding in Beach. Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 734.
¶13 The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article II, Section 22
of the Montana Constitution provide: “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” The U.S. Supreme Court
6
dictates that courts must interpret the Eighth Amendment “according to its text, by
considering history, tradition, and precedent, and with due regard for its purpose and
function in the constitutional design” and refer to “‘the evolving standards of decency that
mark the progress of a maturing society’ to determine which punishments are so
disproportionate as to be cruel and unusual.” Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 560–61,
125 S. Ct. 1183, 1190 (2005) (quoting Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 100–101, 78 S. Ct. 590,
598 (1958) (plurality opinion)). The Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and
unusual punishment “flows from the basic ‘precept of justice that punishment for crime
should be graduated and proportioned to the offense.’” Roper, 543 U.S. at 560, 125 S. Ct.
at 1190 (quoting Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 311, 122 S. Ct. 2242 (2002)). “While in
practice the concept of proportionality does not affect most sentences, proportionality bears
on the harshest types of punishments when an Eighth Amendment challenge is raised.”
Beach, ¶ 8 (citing Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11, 123 S. Ct. 1179 (2003)) (internal
citations omitted).
¶14 Through a series of decisions over the last dozen years, the U.S. Supreme Court has
made clear that “children are constitutionally different from adults for purposes of
sentencing” under the Eighth Amendment. See Montgomery, ___ U.S. ___, 136 S. Ct. at
732–733 (holding that Miller’s procedural requirements to consider characteristics of youth
when sentencing juvenile offenders provides a substantive rule that applies retroactively);
Miller, 567 U.S. at 470–71, 132 S. Ct. at 2463–64 (holding the Eighth Amendment forbids
a sentencing scheme that mandates life without the possibility of parole for juvenile
offenders); Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 68, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 2026 (2010) (holding the
7
Eighth Amendment categorically forbids sentences of life without parole for juveniles
convicted of nonhomicide offenses); Roper, 543 U.S. at 575, 125 S. Ct. at 1198 (holding
capital punishment unconstitutional for juvenile offenders).
¶15 The U.S. Supreme Court identified three primary differences between adult and
juvenile offenders:
First, children have a “lack of maturity and an underdeveloped sense of
responsibility,” leading to recklessness, impulsivity, and heedless
risk-taking. Second, children “are more vulnerable to negative influences and
outside pressures,” including from their family and peers; they have limited
“control over their own environment” and lack the ability to extricate
themselves from horrific, crime-producing settings. And third, a child’s
character is not as “well formed” as an adult’s; his traits are “less fixed” and
his actions less likely to be “evidence of irretrievable depravity.”
Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 733 (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 471, 132 S.
Ct. at 2464) (alterations, citations, and some internal quotation marks omitted). “These
differences render suspect any conclusion that a juvenile falls among the worst offenders.”
Roper, 543 U.S. at 570, 125 S. Ct. at 1195. The Court admitted the difficulty, even for
expert psychologists, “to differentiate between the juvenile offender whose crime reflects
unfortunate yet transient immaturity, and the rare juvenile offender whose crime reflects
irreparable corruption.” Roper, 543 U.S. at 573, 125 S. Ct. at 1197. The Court
acknowledged the inherent “differences [that] result from children’s ‘diminished
culpability and greater prospects for reform,’” and that “‘the distinctive attributes of youth
diminish the penological justifications’ for imposing life without parole on juvenile
offenders.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. ___, 136 S. Ct. at 733 (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 461,
132 S. Ct. at 2465). The Court reiterated that “youth matters in determining the
8
appropriateness of a lifetime of incarceration without the possibility of parole.” Miller,
567 U.S. at 473, 132 S. Ct. at 2465. In so doing, Miller barred life without parole for all
but the rarest juvenile offenders whose crimes reflect permanent incorrigibility.
Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 734.
¶16 The Miller Court outlined five factors of mandatory sentencing schemes that
“prevent the sentencer from considering youth and from assessing whether the law’s
harshest term of imprisonment proportionately punishes a juvenile offender.” Miller, 567
U.S. at 461–62, 132 S. Ct. at 2458.
Mandatory life without parole for a juvenile [1] precludes consideration of
his chronological age and its hallmark features--among them, immaturity,
impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences. [2] It prevents
taking into account the family and home environment that surrounds him—
and from which he cannot usually extricate himself—no matter how brutal
or dysfunctional. [3] It neglects the circumstances of the homicide offense,
including the extent of his participation in the conduct and the way familial
and peer pressures may have affected him. [4] Indeed, it ignores that he
might have been charged and convicted of a lesser offense if not for
incompetencies associated with youth—for example, his inability to deal
with police officers or prosecutors (including on a plea agreement) or his
incapacity to assist his own attorneys. And [5] finally, this mandatory
punishment disregards the possibility of rehabilitation even when the
circumstances most suggest it.
Miller, 567 U.S. at 477–78, 132 S. Ct. at 2468. Even though the Miller Court did not
categorically bar sentences of life without parole for juveniles convicted of a homicide
offense, the Court required sentencing judges “take into account how children are different,
and how those differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in
prison.” Miller, 567 U.S. at 480, 132 S. Ct. at 2469.
9
¶17 Steilman argues that the aspect that is cruel and unusual for juvenile offenders is the
sentence of life without parole itself, not whether the scheme under which the sentence is
imposed is mandatory. We agree. Discussing its rationale for treating juvenile offenders
differently from adult offenders, the U.S. Supreme Court explained that “a lifetime in
prison is a disproportionate sentence for all but the rarest of children, those whose crimes
reflect ‘irreparable corruption.’” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 726 (quoting
Miller, 567 U.S. at 480, 132 S. Ct. at 2469). The Court further noted, “Miller . . . did more
than require a sentencer to consider a juvenile offender’s youth before imposing life
without parole; it established that the penological justifications for life without parole
collapse in light of ‘the distinctive attributes of youth.’” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___,
136 S. Ct. at 734 (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 472, 132 S. Ct. at 2465). In the same vein,
the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals appropriately reasoned: “The relevance to sentencing
of ‘children are different’ also cannot in logic depend on whether the legislature has made
the life sentence discretionary or mandatory; even discretionary life sentences must be
guided by consideration of age-relevant factors.” McKinley v. Butler, 809 F.3d 908, 911
(7th Cir. 2016). We conclude that Miller’s substantive rule requires Montana’s sentencing
judges to adequately consider the mitigating characteristics of youth set forth in the Miller
factors when sentencing juvenile offenders to life without the possibility of parole,
irrespective of whether the life sentence was discretionary.
10
¶18 Issue Two: Whether Steilman’s sentence qualifies as a de facto life sentence to
which Miller applies.
¶19 The State argues that because Montana law provides a distinction between sentences
of life imprisonment, term-of-years, and death, a term-of-years sentence cannot become a
de facto life sentence and equate to a de jure life imprisonment under Montana law. See
§ 45-5-102(2), MCA. The State contends Steilman’s term of 110 years as a sentence is not
the same as a life imprisonment sentence, and Miller only applies to life imprisonment.
The State further contends no standard exists to determine how long a term-of-years must
be before it becomes the equivalent of life imprisonment, and any term-of-years could be
equivalent to life without parole if the offender dies while incarcerated. We disagree.
¶20 The same principles that make Miller applicable to Montana’s discretionary scheme
similarly apply to a term-of-years sentence that is the practical equivalent of life without
parole. A strict application of the State’s argument would mean that a sentence that
inarguably would not allow for the offender to ever be released could not be considered a
life sentence so long as the sentence is expressed in years. Logically, the requirement to
consider how “children are different” cannot be limited to de jure life sentences when a
lengthy sentence denominated in a number of years will effectively result in the juvenile
offender’s imprisonment for life. See McKinley, 809 F.3d at 911; State v. Zuber, 152 A.3d
197 (N.J. 2017); People v. Nieto, 52 N.E.3d 442 (Ill. App. Ct. 2016); Kelly v. Brown, 851
F.3d 686 (7th Cir. 2017); State v. Ramos, 387 P.3d 650 (Wash. 2017); State v. Cardeilhac,
876 N.W.2d 876 (Neb. 2016); People v. Cervantes, 9 Cal. App. 5th 569 (Cal. Ct. App.
2017); Hayden v. Keller, 134 F. Supp. 3d 1000 (E.D.N.C. 2015).
11
¶21 In Graham, upon which the Miller Court relied heavily, the Court reasoned that
sentencing a juvenile non-homicide offender to life without parole violates the Eighth
Amendment’s rule against disproportionate sentences because it denies the juvenile
offender a chance to demonstrate growth and maturity. Graham, 560 U.S. at 73, 130 S. Ct.
at 2029. The Graham Court did not focus on the precise sentence meted out, nor did it
require the state to “guarantee the offender eventual release, but if [the state] imposes a
sentence of life it must provide him or her with some realistic opportunity to obtain release
before the end of that term.” Graham, 560 U.S. at 82, 130 S. Ct. at 2034. Consonantly,
the Montgomery Court dictated that children, who are constitutionally different from adults
in their level of culpability, must be given the opportunity to show their crime did not
reflect irreparable corruption, and if redeemable, their hope of release must be restored.
Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 736–37. As such, the rule in Montgomery
“draws ‘a line between children whose crimes reflect transient immaturity and those rare
children whose crimes reflect irreparable corruption’ and allows for the possibility ‘that
life without parole could be a proportionate sentence only for the latter kind of juvenile
offender.’” Tatum v. Arizona, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 137 S. Ct. 11, 12 (2016) (Sotomayor, J.,
concurring) (quoting Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 734). Montgomery and
Graham illustrate the U.S. Supreme Court’s inexorable evolution recognizing that all but
the rarest juvenile offenders be given an opportunity for redemption and a hope of release,
which a sentence of life without parole cannot provide. As it pertains to the specific
sentence imposed on Steilman, however, our analysis cannot end here.
12
¶22 The dispositive question remaining is whether the sentence imposed on Steilman
does, in fact, constitute a de facto life sentence that triggers the Eighth Amendment
protections set forth in Montgomery and Miller. We begin with the practical application
of Steilman’s sentence. As the State points out, because Steilman is eligible for
day-for-day good time credit, his 110-year sentence allows for his release after serving only
55 years, contingent upon his behavior in prison. Section 53-30-105, MCA (1995)
(repealed 1997). Let us assume, for the sake of argument, that a sentence imposed upon a
twenty-one year old man, which allows for the possibility of release in 55 years, constitutes
a de facto life sentence. We nevertheless cannot ignore the reality that Steilman’s Montana
sentence was imposed to run concurrent with the Washington sentence he was already
serving for the murder he committed as an adult in Washington, thus giving Steilman credit
towards his Montana sentence for time served on a wholly unrelated murder in
Washington.
¶23 The Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment “flows
from the basic ‘precept of justice that punishment for crime should be graduated and
proportioned to the offense.’” Roper, 543 U.S. at 560, 125 S. Ct. at 1190. After factoring
in both the day-for-day good time credit to which Steilman is eligible, and the credit he
gets towards his Montana sentence while serving his concurrent sentence in Washington,
Steilman could potentially serve as little as 31.33 years exclusively attributed towards
Bischke’s murder. Had the Montana District Court imposed a sentence that allowed for
the possibility of Steilman’s release after serving as little as 31.33 years, but ordered the
sentence to run consecutive to his Washington sentence, Steilman would be hard pressed
13
to argue that such a sentence was disproportionate to the horrific crime he committed. In
that circumstance, such a sentence would simply reflect a proportionate sentence
independently imposed for a crime independently committed. And yet this is precisely the
practical effect of the sentence Steilman actually received. Steilman was not entitled to a
concurrent sentence in this case. Nevertheless, the District Court, in its discretion, elected
to run his Montana sentence concurrent with his Washington sentence, inuring
considerably to Steilman’s benefit. If we were to ignore the practical effect of Steilman’s
sentence, we would be allowing him to reap that benefit while disregarding it for purposes
of assessing the proportionality of his Montana sentence. Determining whether a sentence
is cruel and unusual does not require us to ignore reality.
CONCLUSION
¶24 The combination of the good-time credit to which Steilman is eligible and the
amount of his sentence that will be discharged while serving a sentence on a wholly
unrelated crime leads us to conclude that Steilman’s sentence does not trigger Eighth
Amendment protections under Montgomery, Miller, and Graham. Therefore, we do not
reach the question of whether the District Court failed to adequately consider Steilman’s
youth under Miller and Montgomery when sentencing him.
ORDER
¶25 The petition for writ of habeas corpus is DENIED.
DATED this 13th day of December, 2017.
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
14
We Concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ JIM RICE
Justice Michael E Wheat, dissenting.
¶26 I concur with the Court’s determination that Miller and Montgomery apply to
Montana’s discretionary sentencing scheme and that a lengthy term-of-years sentence
could invoke Miller if the sentence is the practical equivalent of life without parole.
However, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision that Steilman’s sentence does
not qualify as a life sentence without parole sufficient to implicate Miller. In my opinion,
Steilman’s sentence invokes Miller; therefore, I would grant Steilman’s petition for a writ
of habeas corpus and vacate the parole restriction.
¶27 The underlying principles of the United States Supreme Court’s decisions in Miller
v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012), and Montgomery v. Louisiana, ___ U.S.
___, 136 S. Ct. 718 (2016), are that “children are constitutionally different from adults for
purposes of sentencing” and “have diminished culpability and greater prospects for
reform.” Miller, 567 U.S. at 471, 132 S. Ct. at 2464. The “imposition of a State’s most
severe penalties on juvenile offenders cannot proceed as though they were not children.”
Miller, 567 U.S. at 474, 132 S. Ct. at 2466. Montgomery echoed the same concerns: “In
light of what this Court has said in Roper, Graham, and Miller about how children are
constitutionally different from adults in their level of culpability, . . . prisoners like
Montgomery must be given the opportunity to show their crime did not reflect irreparable
corruption; and, if it did not, their hope for some years of life outside prison walls must be
15
restored.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 736-37. Although the majority
reiterates many of these principles, it nevertheless rejects their application where a
seventeen-year-old was sentenced to the practical equivalent of life without parole.
Consequently, Steilman was never and will never be given an opportunity to show that his
crime did not reflect irreparable corruption. Such result is contrary to the principles set
forth in Miller and Montgomery.
¶28 The majority erred in concluding that a seventeen-year-old sentenced to 110 years
without the possibility of parole, with a conditional minimum sentence of 55 years, is
outside the scope of Miller. Miller’s command that a sentencing judge “take into account
how children are different, and how those differences counsel against irrevocably
sentencing them to a lifetime in prison,” applies with equal strength to a sentence that is
the practical equivalent of life without parole. Miller, 567 U.S. at 480, 132 S. Ct. at 2469.
Therefore, states have held that lengthy term-of-years sentences imposed on juveniles,
similar to Steilman’s sentence in this case, are sufficient to trigger the protections of Miller
under the United States and state Constitutions. See Casiano v. Comm’r of Corr., 317
Conn. 52, 115 A.3d 1031, 1044 (Conn. 2015), cert. denied, Semple v. Casiano, ___ U.S.
___, 136 S. Ct. 1364 (2016) (50-year sentence without possibility of parole is subject to
Miller); Iowa v. Null, 836 N.W.2d 41, 71 (Iowa 2013) (minimum sentence of 52.5 years
imprisonment invokes Miller); New Jersey v. Zuber, 227 N.J. 422, 452, 152 A.3d 197, 215
(N.J. 2017) (110-year sentence with 55 years of parole ineligibility implicates Miller); Bear
Cloud v. Wyoming, 2014 WY 113, 334 P.3d 132, 141-42 (Wyo. 2014) (holding that an
16
aggregate sentence of more than 45 years was de facto life without parole and was barred
by Miller).
¶29 Here, Steilman’s sentence should trigger Miller and Montgomery protections. The
District Court sentenced Steilman to the maximum number of years pursuant to § 45-5-201,
MCA (1995), and § 46-18-221, MCA (1995), which is the practical equivalent of life
without parole. Thus, Steilman’s multiple term-of-years sentence, in all likelihood, will
keep him in jail for the majority of his life without the possibility of release until he is well
into his seventies.
¶30 Additionally, the majority incorrectly focuses on the fact that Steilman’s sentence
is subject to day-to-day credits to conclude that his sentence does not implicate Miller.
Opinion, ¶ 22. However, a conditional release based on day-to-day credits is not
determined by a district court, but rather is determined by the Montana Department of
Corrections. This Court should consider the actual sentence imposed on Steilman, not a
sentence that is subjectively determined by an entity other than the District Court. And
despite the majority’s conclusion, there is no guarantee that Steilman will be released after
55 years. Therefore, although Steilman’s sentence may be subject to day-to-day credit, it
should not negate the fact that the sentencing judge sentenced Steilman to the practical
equivalent of life without parole: 110 years without the possibility of parole. Thus, I would
conclude that Steilman’s sentence would constitute a de facto life sentence and habeas
corpus relief is appropriate.
¶31 Because Steilman’s sentence is subject to Miller and Montgomery, I would strike
the parole restriction. The United States Supreme Court emphasized that by giving Miller
17
retroactive effect “[a] State may remedy a Miller violation by permitting juvenile homicide
offenders to be considered for parole, rather than by resentencing them.” Montgomery,
___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 736. Such remedy is appropriate here. It would allow
Steilman to be considered for parole, which “ensures that juveniles whose crimes reflected
only transient immaturity—and who have since matured—will not be forced to serve a
disproportionate sentence in violation of the Eighth Amendment.” Montgomery, ___ U.S.
at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 736. Further, allowing Steilman parole eligibility would permit the
parole board to evaluate whether Steilman “demonstrate[s] the truth of Miller’s central
intuition—that children who commit even heinous crimes are capable of change.”
Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 736. Thus, striking the parole restriction would
provide Steilman with the meaningful opportunity for release that Miller and Montgomery
mandate of juvenile homicide offenders, provided he does not reflect irreparable
corruption.
¶32 Accordingly, I would amend Steilman’s sentence by striking the parole restriction
because his sentence of 110 years without the possibility of parole implicates Miller. Then,
the parole board could properly consider Steilman’s “youth and attendant characteristics”
at the time of his crime and his development and behavior during incarceration.
Conversely, Steilman could be re-sentenced or given a Miller hearing to ensure that his
sentence does not upset the concerns enunciated by the United States Supreme Court
regarding the culpability of juvenile offenders and these offenders’ potential for growth
and maturity.
¶33 For these reasons, I dissent from the Court’s denial of Steilman’s petition.
18
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
Justice Dirk Sandefer joins in the Dissent of Justice Michael E Wheat.
/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR
Justice Laurie McKinnon, dissenting.
¶34 In Beach, this Court considered the U.S. Supreme Court’s pronouncement in Miller,
that “a sentencer follow a certain process--considering an offender’s youth and attendant
characteristics--before imposing a particular penalty.” Miller, 567 U.S. at 483, 132 S. Ct.
at 2471 (emphasis added). The Court was asked to decide whether Miller applied to a state
collateral proceeding thus requiring Beach to be resentenced. I specially concurred in
Beach, concluding Montana’s individualized and discretionary sentencing scheme already
required a sentencing court to consider a defendant’s individual needs, characteristics,
family environment, and prospects for rehabilitation—including age. In my opinion, it was
significant that Miller had been decided within the context of a mandatory statutory
sentencing scheme, which did not allow for imposition of a sentence less than life without
parole for first degree murder, regardless of the age of the offender at the time the crime
was committed. I also concluded that pursuant to Montana’s habeas corpus statute,
§ 46-22-101(2), MCA, and our holding in Lott, Beach was precluded from attacking his
facially valid conviction.
19
¶35 Following this Court’s decision in Beach, the U.S. Supreme Court decided
Montgomery. In my opinion, Montgomery does not simply decide whether a “certain
process” required by Miller is to be applied retroactively, Montgomery actually rewrites
and expands the pronouncements made in Miller. In Montgomery, the Court stated that
Miller “rendered life without parole an unconstitutional penalty for a class of defendants
because of their status—that is, juvenile offenders whose crimes reflect the transient
immaturity of youth.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 734 (internal quotations
and citation omitted). The Montgomery Court described its holding in Miller as barring
sentences of life without parole “for all but the rarest of juvenile offenders, those whose
crimes reflect permanent incorrigibility.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 734.
The Montgomery Court explained, “[t]he only difference between Roper and Graham, on
the one hand, and Miller, on the other, is that Miller drew a line between children whose
crimes reflect transient immaturity and those rare children whose crimes reflect irreparable
corruption.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 734. The Montgomery Court held
that “Miller, then, did more than require a sentencer to consider a juvenile offender’s youth
before imposing life without parole; it established that the penological justifications for life
without parole collapse in light of ‘the distinctive attributes of youth.’” Montgomery,
___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 734 (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 472, 132 S. Ct. at 2465).
¶36 The difficulty presented in the instant proceedings is that the attributions of the
Montgomery Court to its Miller decision do not appear in Miller. In fact, Miller stated:
“Our decision does not categorically bar a penalty for a class of offenders or type
of crime--as, for example, we did in Roper or Graham. Instead, it mandates only that a
20
sentencer follow a certain process--considering an offender’s youth and attendant
characteristics--before imposing a particular penalty.” Miller, 567 U.S. at 483, 132 S. Ct.
at 2471 (emphasis added). Throughout Miller, the constitutional error focused on the
mandatory nature of the sentence imposed. Thus, Miller held that mandatory life without
parole for juvenile homicide offenders violated the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on
“cruel and unusual punishments.” Miller, 567 U.S. at 465, 132 S. Ct. at 2460. “Before
Miller, every juvenile convicted of a homicide in Alabama was sentenced to life without
possibility of parole.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 734 (emphasis added).
As Miller required that a sentencing court consider a youth offender’s age, but did not
expressly bar life without parole for all juveniles, Miller’s application appeared to be
limited to when a statutory sentencing scheme allowed discretion to impose a sentence less
than life without parole. In the wake of Miller, there has been considerable question across
the country about whether it set forth a substantive or procedural rule, whether it applied
to discretionary sentencing schemes, and whether its pronouncements were to be applied
retroactively. Courts across the country reached different conclusions as to what Miller
meant and required.
¶37 Whether characterized as a clarification or a rewrite of Miller, Montgomery now
establishes that “[e]ven if a court considers a child’s age before sentencing him or her to a
lifetime in prison, that sentence still violates the Eighth Amendment for a child whose
crime reflects ‘unfortunate yet transient immaturity.’” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136
S. Ct. at 734 (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 479, 132 S. Ct. at 2469). “A hearing where ‘youth
and its attendant characteristics’ are considered as sentencing factors is necessary to
21
separate those juveniles who may be sentenced to life without parole from those who may
not” and, therefore, give effect to “Miller’s substantive holding that life without parole is
an excessive sentence for children whose crimes reflect transient immaturity.”
Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 735 (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 465, 132 S. Ct.
at 2460) (emphasis added). Thus, Montgomery held that Miller rendered life without parole
an “unconstitutional penalty for . . . the vast majority of juvenile offenders” because most
of their crimes reflect the transient immaturity of youth. Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___,
132 S. Ct. at 735 (citations omitted and emphasis added). Montgomery concluded that
Miller had “announced a [new] substantive rule of constitutional law” that had retroactive
application. Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 734.
¶38 Following Montgomery, the U.S. Supreme Court has issued orders vacating and
remanding five Arizona state sentences of life without parole for crimes the offenders
committed before they turned eighteen. See Tatum, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 11. Pursuant
to Miller, Arizona has expressly considered the offender’s youth as a mitigating factor, but
still imposed life without parole based on the nature of the offense and the offender.
Significantly, the sentences followed the Arizona Legislature’s enactment of Ariz. Rev.
Stat. § 13-716 in 2014, which provided discretion to the sentencing court to allow the
possibility of release for a juvenile sentenced to life imprisonment, after serving a
minimum number of calendar years. See Arizona v. Vera, 334 P.3d 754, 756-58 (Arizona
2014). Based on Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-716, the sentences deemed unconstitutional in Tatum
were imposed pursuant to a discretionary sentencing scheme. Although the U.S. Supreme
Court in Tatum did not address the case on its merits, the orders are consistent with
22
Montgomery’s holding that unless a juvenile is a member of the exceptional and uncommon
class of offenders whose crimes reflect irreparable corruption, a sentence of life without
parole is unconstitutionally disproportionate under the Eighth Amendment.
¶39 Montgomery is also significant in that it mandated, “for the first time,” that “[w]here
state collateral review proceedings permit prisoners to challenge the lawfulness of their
confinement, States cannot refuse to give retroactive effect to a substantive constitutional
right that determines the outcome of that challenge.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ____, 136
S. Ct. at 731-32. The Montgomery Court determined that, under the Supremacy Clause of
the United States Constitution, state collateral review courts must give retroactive effect to
new substantive rules of constitutional law. Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ____, 136 S. Ct. at
731. Accordingly, a state’s “collateral review procedures are open to claims that a decision
of [the U.S. Supreme Court] has rendered certain sentences illegal, as a substantive matter,
under the Eighth Amendment.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ____, 136 S. Ct. at 732 (citation
omitted).
¶40 This Court is bound by Montgomery and its “clarification” of Miller. Miller
identifies inherent problems when a sentencing court lacks discretion in mandatory
sentencing schemes; sets forth factors highlighting the differences between youth and
adults (this Court refers to five factors which must be considered, Opinion, ¶¶ 16-17); and
enunciates a requirement that the age of the juvenile offender be adequately considered.
Montgomery, however, sets forth a new substantive constitutional rule more sweeping than
this Court recognizes; Montgomery categorically declares that the imposition of life
without parole upon a juvenile offender is unconstitutional, carving out only a small
23
exception for those rare occasions when irreparable corruption has been demonstrated.
That the unconstitutional sentence may have been imposed pursuant to a discretionary
sentencing scheme is, therefore, of no consequence. Montgomery and Miller stand on
equal footing with Roper and Graham in establishing that children are constitutionally
different from adults in their level of culpability and in the way they may be constitutionally
sentenced. However, Montgomery requires that evidence of “irreparable corruption” or
“permanent incorrigibility” be demonstrated, not just that the sentencing court considered
and addressed various factors of youth. Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 734.
Montana’s trial courts, as well as Montana’s Legislature, should be so advised. “We leave
to the States the task of developing appropriate ways to enforce the constitutional
restriction upon their execution of sentences.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at
735 (citation and alterations omitted). “That Miller did not impose a formal factfinding
requirement does not leave States free to sentence a child whose crime reflects transient
immaturity to life without parole.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ____, 136 S. Ct. at 735.
¶41 Finally, courts tasked with resentencing must decide—in many cases decades after
the sentence imposed became final—whether, at the time of commission of the offense, the
offender fit within the class of juveniles who were irreparably corrupt. Montgomery has
suggested an answer to this problem as well. “A State may remedy a Miller violation by
permitting juvenile homicide offenders to be considered for parole, rather than by
resentencing them. See, e.g., Wyo. Stat. Ann. §6-10-301(c) (2013) (juvenile homicide
offenders eligible for parole after 25 years).” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at
736. In my view, the no parole designation in Montgomery was the sentencing aspect most
24
troubling for the U.S. Supreme Court because parole ineligibility “condemned [the
youthful offender] to die in prison.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 736.
“Allowing those offenders to be considered for parole ensures that juveniles whose crimes
reflected only transient immaturity—and who have since matured—will not be forced to
serve a disproportionate sentence in violation of the Eighth Amendment.” Montgomery,
___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 736. The Court in Montgomery was suggesting a legislative
solution for states with mandatory sentencing schemes, in light of its concern that “[g]iving
Miller retroactive effect . . . not require States to relitigate sentences, let alone convictions,
in every case where a juvenile offender received mandatory life without parole.”
Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 736 (emphasis added).
¶42 Based upon Montgomery, the suggested remedy to states with mandatory sentencing
schemes of allowing for parole, together with the prohibition of parole ineligibility in all
but the rarest cases, I would conclude that any distinction between Steilman’s sentence for
a term of 110 years, without possibility of parole, and life imprisonment, without
possibility of parole, is a distinction without a difference. Further, to conclude, as the Court
does, that the availability of good time credit is a distinguishing aspect for purposes of
sentencing a youth, is likewise inconsistent with the principles set forth in Montgomery.
Opinion, ¶¶ 22-23. Montgomery never acknowledged the availability of good time credit
as restoring “hope [to the offender] for some years of life outside prison walls . . . ,”
Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 137 S. Ct. at 736, although doubtless the opportunity to
accumulate good time credit was available to every offender whose sentence Tatum
vacated. In a similar vein, this Court attempts to distinguish Steilman’s sentence on the
25
basis that it was imposed concurrently to his Washington sentence. Opinion, ¶¶ 22-23.
However, imposing a concurrent sentence does nothing to reduce the length of Steilman’s
Montana sentence, which remains 110 years regardless of its concurrent nature. More
important, however, is Steilman’s parole ineligibility for 110 years, which was the most
troublesome aspect for the U.S. Supreme Court in Miller and Montgomery. At the time the
sentence was imposed, Steilman was left with no hope of time outside prison. Accordingly,
to distinguish Steilman’s sentence on either basis fails to recognize the U.S. Supreme
Court’s direction that youth are constitutionally different from adults. A sentencer is
required to consider “how children are different, and how those differences counsel against
irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___,
136 S. Ct. at 733 (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 480, 132 S. Ct. at 2469) (emphasis added).
¶43 Lastly, I would be remiss if I failed to comment on the hardship to a victim’s family
in having to revisit the tragic circumstances of a loved one’s death. Principles of finality
of judgments are deeply rooted in this country’s jurisprudence and should be honored.
Deference to the judgment of the sentencing judge, who is the judicial officer most attuned
to the circumstances of the case, is equally well entrenched and should similarly be
honored. I am, nonetheless, bound by U.S. Supreme Court precedent and obligated to
apply it when the circumstances of the case dictate. Here, I can reach but one conclusion—
that Montgomery holds a sentence for a youth offender of 110 years without parole is
unconstitutionally disproportionate when there is no finding supported by evidence that the
youth is irreparably corrupted. The circumstances could support a conclusion that Steilman
was irreparably corrupted when he committed the homicide. Steilman was six weeks shy
26
of his eighteenth birthday, had committed another homicide in Washington, and was living
an adult lifestyle. The murder was brutal, savage, and senseless. Thus, Steilman hardly
appears entitled to “Miller’s central intuition—that children who commit even heinous
crimes are capable of change.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 736. That
determination, however, must be made by the trial court.
¶44 I would grant the petition for writ of habeas corpus on the basis that Montgomery
and Miller established a new substantive rule that is applicable in state collateral
proceedings. In contrast to Justices Wheat and Sandefur, however, I would remand for
resentencing so that the District Court is free to impose the original sentence, provided the
Miller and Montgomery requirements are met. I do not agree that this Court should merely
strike Steilman’s parole restriction as suggested by the Montgomery Court; particular
circumstances of a case and the reasons for imposing a sentence should be considered and
determined by the trial court, with this Court subsequently reviewing those decisions and
record. Based on statements from the victim’s family and other documents in the record,
it is clear that parole ineligibility was a significant factor in Steilman’s sentence. It may
be, however, that the victim’s family, following discussion with the prosecutor, would
prefer to ask the District Court to reimpose his original sentence, none of which we can
assess by merely striking the parole restriction. Accordingly, I would remand these
proceedings to the District Court for resentencing consistent with Miller and Montgomery.
¶45 While I agree with much of the analysis set forth by the Court in Issue One, it is my
belief that the Court fails to adequately recognize the impact of Montgomery and the
findings and conclusions which must be made by the sentencing court. I dissent from the
27
Court’s decision in Issue Two, that a term of 110 years without parole is different from a
sentence of life imprisonment without parole. Such a conclusion ignores the primary
concern in Montgomery—that a youth offender not be “condemned to die in prison”
without an “opportunity to show [his or her] crime did not reflect irreparable corruption;
and, if it did not, [his or her] hope for some years of life outside prison walls must be
restored.” Montgomery, ___ U.S. at ___, 137 S. Ct. at 736-37.
¶46 I dissent.
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
28