Haffke v. Signal 88 , 306 Neb. 625 ( 2020 )

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
10/09/2020 09:08 AM CDT
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
Nathan Haffke, appellant, v. Signal 88, LLC,
a Delaware limited liability
company, appellee.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed July 31, 2020. No. S-19-667.
1. Jury Instructions. Whether jury instructions are correct is a question
of law.
2. Judgments: Appeal and Error. An appellate court independently
reviews questions of law decided by a lower court.
3. Directed Verdict: Appeal and Error. In reviewing a trial court’s ruling
on a motion for directed verdict, the party against whom the motion is
directed is entitled to have every controverted fact resolved in its favor
and to have the benefit of every inference which can reasonably be
deduced from the evidence.
4. Directed Verdict: Evidence. A directed verdict is proper at the close of
all the evidence only when reasonable minds cannot differ and can draw
but one conclusion from the evidence, that is, when an issue should be
decided as a matter of law.
5. Fair Employment Practices: Proof. In order to show retaliation under
the Nebraska Fair Employment Practice Act, a plaintiff must establish
(1) he or she engaged in protected conduct, (2) he or she was subjected
to an adverse employment action, and (3) there was a causal connection
between the protected conduct and the adverse action.
6. Employer and Employee: Proof. A plaintiff alleging he or she was
subjected to retaliatory action based upon opposing or refusing to par-
ticipate in an employer’s practice or action which was unlawful only has
to show a reasonable, good faith belief of the act’s unlawfulness.
7. Employer and Employee. In order for a good faith belief that an
employer’s action was unlawful to be reasonable, the act believed to
be unlawful must either in fact be unlawful or at least be of a type that
is unlawful.
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306 Nebraska Reports
HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
8. Jury Instructions. When evaluating whether a given instruction ade-
quately states the law, the instruction should not be judged in artificial
isolation but must be viewed in the context of the overall charge to the
jury considered as a whole.
9. Jury Instructions: Appeal and Error. If the instructions given, taken
as a whole, correctly state the law, are not misleading, and adequately
cover the issues submissible to a jury, there is no prejudicial error con-
cerning the instructions and necessitating a reversal.
10. ____: ____. Jury instructions are subject to the harmless error rule, and
an erroneous jury instruction requires reversal only if the error adversely
affects the substantial rights of the complaining party.
11. Courts. It is appropriate to look to federal court decisions construing
similar and parent federal legislation.
12. Employer and Employee: Discrimination: Courts. Employment dis-
crimination laws have not vested in the courts the authority to sit as
super personnel departments reviewing the wisdom or fairness of the
business judgments made by employers, except to the extent that those
judgments involve intentional discrimination.
13. Employer and Employee: Discrimination: Jury Instructions: Appeal
and Error. Instructing a jury on the business judgment rule in an
employment discrimination case is not error.
14. Employer and Employee: Discrimination: Proof. In cases involv-
ing claims of employment discrimination, Nebraska courts recognize a
burden-shifting analysis. First, the plaintiff has the burden of proving
by a preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case of discrimina-
tion. Second, if the plaintiff succeeds in proving the prima facie case,
the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate some legitimate, non-
discriminatory reason for the employee’s rejection. Third, should the
defendant carry the burden, the plaintiff must then have an opportunity
to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons
offered by the defendant were not its true reasons, but were a pretext
for discrimination.
15. Libel and Slander: Negligence. A defamation claim has four elements:
(1) a false and defamatory statement concerning the claimant, (2) an
unprivileged publication to a third party, (3) fault amounting to at least
negligence on the part of the publisher, and (4) either actionability of the
statement irrespective of special harm or the existence of special harm
caused by the publication.
16. Rules of the Supreme Court: Pleadings. Nebraska’s pleading rules
require that certain enumerated defenses and any other matter consti-
tuting an avoidance or affirmative defense must be pled in a defend­
ant’s answer.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
17. Pleadings. An affirmative defense raises a new matter which, assuming
the allegations in the petition to be true, constitutes a defense to the
merits of a claim asserted in the petition.
18. ____. An affirmative defense generally avoids, rather than negates, the
plaintiff’s prima facie case.
19. Rules of the Supreme Court: Pleadings: Notice. The Nebraska Court
Rules of Pleading in Civil Actions, like the federal rules, have a liberal
pleading requirement for both causes of action and affirmative defenses,
but the touchstone is whether fair notice was provided.
20. Appeal and Error. In the absence of plain error, an appellate court con-
siders only claimed errors which are both assigned and discussed.
Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: Shelly
R. Stratman, Judge. Affirmed.
Kelly K. Brandon, Aimee C. Bataillon, and Stephanie J.
Costello, of Fiedler Law Firm, P.L.C., for appellant.
Ruth A. Horvatich, Aaron A. Clark, and Cody E. Brookhouser-
Sisney, of McGrath North, P.C., L.L.O., for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Funke, J.
This appeal concerns Nathan Haffke’s termination of
employment by Signal 88, LLC, which led to Haffke’s claim of
retaliation under the Nebraska Fair Employment Practice Act
(NFEPA) 1 and defamation. The district court granted Signal 88
a directed verdict on Haffke’s defamation claim, and a jury
found Haffke failed to prove his retaliation claim. On appeal,
Haffke challenges a jury instruction for retaliation that required
Haffke to have opposed or refused to carry out a practice of
Signal 88 “that is unlawful.” Haffke also challenges the appli-
cability of a jury instruction on the business judgment rule
in an employment action. Finally, Haffke claims the district
1
See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 48-1101 to 48-1126 (Reissue 2010 & Cum. Supp.
2016).
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HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
court should not have reached the issue of whether he suffi-
ciently pleaded or proved special damages on his defamation
claim when Signal 88 did not raise compliance with Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 25-840.01 (Reissue 2016) as an affirmative defense. For
the reasons set forth herein, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Signal 88 is a security service franchisor and sells fran-
chises of mobile security services to business owners. As a
franchisor, Signal 88 is required to comply with the Federal
Trade Commission’s franchise rules, including the preparation
of a franchise disclosure document (FDD) that is provided to
prospective franchisees as part of the sale process. Under item
19 of an FDD, if a franchisor is going to provide a potential
franchisee with a financial performance representation, such
representation is generally required to be disclosed in the
FDD. Haffke testified that Signal 88’s FDD’s at issue in this
case stated:
Other than the information provided in this Item 19, we
do not furnish or provide prospective franchisees any oral
or written information concerning the actual or potential
sales, cost, income or profits of a franchise business.
Actual results vary from unit to unit. We cannot estimate
the results of any particular franchise.
Haffke began working for Signal 88 in December 2014 as
vice president of franchise development. Haffke was respon-
sible for managing a team of contractors and promoting the
sale of security services.
Signal 88 terminated Haffke’s employment in March 2016,
and the parties allege differing reasons for this termination.
Haffke claims he was terminated for alerting Signal 88 it was
engaging in unlawful transactions and refusing to participate in
those transactions. In his appellate brief, Haffke points specifi-
cally to two allegedly unlawful transactions: (1) a Signal 88
independent contractor providing a potential franchisee with
a business plan that included a profit-and-loss statement not
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306 Nebraska Reports
HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
included in item 19 of the FDD, and (2) an expansion program
in which Signal 88 engaged with members of an existing fran-
chisee company to expand with different territory and pricing
under a newly formed company and purchase the existing
franchise without providing an updated FDD. Signal 88, in
turn, alleges Haffke’s employment was terminated due to poor
performance, including his communication issues in the lead-
ing of his team, unsatisfactory sales performances, and stated
disbelief in Signal 88’s 5-year company plan.
As part of Haffke’s termination from employment, Signal 88
provided a severance agreement and an independent contractor
agreement to continue a relationship in which Haffke would
sell franchises for Signal 88. Although Haffke initially signed
both documents, he soon after revoked the severance agree-
ment, alleging the termination was wrongful. A day after
Haffke informed Signal 88 of his revocation of the severance
agreement, Signal 88 also terminated the independent contrac-
tor agreement.
Haffke filed a claim with the Nebraska Equal Opportunity
Commission in July 2016, alleging retaliation. Signal 88
amended its FDD to make the necessary disclosure of Haffke’s
employment action, and this amendment was included in a
copy of the FDD issued April 19, 2017, which stated:
Haffke v. Signal 88, LLC - Neb 1-16/17-7-48152-S.
Nathan Haffke filed a charge of retaliation with the
Nebraska Equal Opportunity Commission (NEOC) on
or around July 27, 2016. In his Charge, Haffke contends
that the Company retaliated against him after he made
protected whistleblower complaints relating to the lawful-
ness of certain alleged Company activities. Haffke was,
however, terminated from his employment due to his poor
performance. The charge is currently in the investigation
stage with the NEOC.
On July 12, 2017, Haffke sent Signal 88 a letter taking issue
with the FDD’s statement that Haffke was terminated from
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HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
employment “due to his poor performance.” On August 2,
Signal 88 revised the April FDD to state:
Haffke v. Signal 88, LLC - NEB 1-16/17-7-48152-S.
Nathan Haffke filed a charge of retaliation with the
Nebraska Equal Opportunity Commission (NEOC) on or
around July 27, 2016. In his Charge, Haffke contends that
the Company retaliated against him after he made pro-
tected whistleblower complaints relating to the lawfulness
of certain alleged Company activities. It is the Company’s
position that Haffke was separated from his employment
for lawful reasons. The charge is currently in the investi-
gation stage with the NEOC. Haffke seeks compensation
for back pay and mental suffering.
Haffke filed a complaint with the district court in October
2017. Under the first count, Haffke claimed Signal 88 vio-
lated the NFEPA by retaliating against him for his whistle-
blower actions. Specifically, Haffke alleged Signal 88 imper-
missibly retaliated against him by terminating his employment
and revoking the subcontractor agreement because he alerted
Signal 88 to company actions he reasonably and in good faith
believed were unlawful “violations of federal/state franchise
law[,] Nebraska’s Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act[,]
and Nebraska’s Consumer Protection Acts,” as well as wiretap-
ping laws.
Under the second count, Haffke claimed defamation extend-
ing from Signal 88’s publication of the April FDD. Haffke
argued the statement that he was “terminated from his employ-
ment due to his poor performance” was untrue, unprivileged,
unlawful, and slanderous per se due to the implication that he
was a poor performer and unfit to carry out employment duties.
Haffke explained that “[u]pon learning of the defamatory dis-
closure, [Haffke] immediately sent a request to Signal 88 . . .
pursuant to [§] 25-840.01 to retract its untrue statements con-
tained within the FDD,” but that “[a]t the time of this filing,
the statement has not been retracted and Signal [88] has not
released an amended FDD.” Haffke alleged he was “damaged
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306 Nebraska Reports
HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
in lost wages and income, lost fringe benefits, damages to his
reputation, mental and emotional distress, humiliation, and
future lost income.”
Signal 88 filed an amended answer contesting Haffke’s com-
plaint. On the defamation claim, Signal 88 admitted Haffke
had “requested that Signal 88 retract the statement [in the
FDD] that he was terminated from his employment due to his
poor performance” but denied the allegation that the state-
ment had not been retracted and Signal 88 had not released an
amended FDD. Additionally, Signal 88 listed various affirm­
ative defenses in its answer, including that Signal 88 “has
complied with all applicable statutes and regulations and, thus,
. . . has not defamed [Haffke]” and that Haffke “did not suf-
fer damages or harm attributable to the action or inaction of
[Signal 88] as alleged in [Haffke’s] complaint.”
A jury trial was held in June 2019. At the close of evidence,
Signal 88 moved for a directed verdict, which the district
court denied as to the retaliation claim. Regarding defama-
tion, the court determined that § 25-840.01 applied and that,
as such, Haffke was required to plead or prove special dam-
ages. Because Haffke failed to plead or prove special damages,
the court granted Signal 88 a directed verdict on the defama-
tion claim.
The district court provided a jury instruction on the remain-
ing retaliation claim. As applicable to the current appeal, jury
instruction No. 8 stated, in relevant part:
Before the Plaintiff, Nathan Haffke, can recover against
the Defendant, Signal 88, LLC, on each of his retaliation
claims. Plaintiff must prove, by the greater weight of the
evidence, each and all of the following:
1. That Plaintiff engaged in a protected activity by
opposing or refusing to carry out a practice of Defendant
that is unlawful under federal law or the laws of the State
of Nebraska[;]
2. That Plaintiff was subjected to materially adverse
action by Defendant;
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HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
3. That Defendant would not have subjected Plaintiff
to the materially adverse action but for Plaintiff’s pro-
tected activity.
As to the first requirement under instruction 8, jury instruction
No. 9 further explained:
Protected activity includes reporting, complaining
about, opposing or refusing to carry out a practice of
Signal 88 that Nathan Haffke reasonably and in good faith
believed to be unlawful under federal law or the laws of
the State of Nebraska.
An employee is protected against retaliation for oppos-
ing or refusing to carry out unlawful activity even if the
conduct complained of is not unlawful.
Jury instruction No. 12 instructed the jury regarding the
business judgment rule and provided: “You may not return a
verdict for the Plaintiff just because you might disagree with
the Defendant’s decision to terminate Plaintiff’s employment
and/or deny the independent contractor agreement or believe it
to be harsh or unreasonable.”
The matter was submitted to the jury. The jury entered a
verdict in favor of Signal 88 and found that Haffke failed to
prove his retaliation claim.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Haffke assigns, restated, that the district court erred in
(1) giving instruction No. 8, because a protected activity
in a retaliation claim only requires a reasonable and good
faith belief that the underlying company action the employee
opposed or refused to participate in was unlawful; (2) giv-
ing instruction No. 12 on the business judgment rule when
it is inapplicable to an employment discrimination case and
conflicts with the pretext standard; and (3) granting Signal 88
a directed verdict on the defamation claim and shifting the
burden to Haffke to plead or prove special damages when
Signal 88 failed to raise compliance with § 25-840.01 as
an affirma­tive defense.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
306 Nebraska Reports
HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1,2] Whether jury instructions are correct is a question
of law. 2 An appellate court independently reviews questions
of law decided by a lower court. 3
[3,4] In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion for
directed verdict, the party against whom the motion is directed
is entitled to have every controverted fact resolved in its favor
and to have the benefit of every inference which can reason-
ably be deduced from the evidence. 4 A directed verdict is
proper at the close of all the evidence only when reasonable
minds cannot differ and can draw but one conclusion from the
evidence, that is, when an issue should be decided as a matter
of law. 5
ANALYSIS
Jury Instruction No. 8
Under NFEPA, “It is the policy of [Nebraska] to foster the
employment of all employable persons in the state on the basis
of merit . . . and to safeguard their right to obtain and hold
employment without discrimination . . . .” 6 Section 48-1114
provides in relevant part that “[i]t shall be an unlawful employ-
ment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of
his or her employees . . . because he or she . . . has opposed
any practice or refused to carry out any action unlawful under
federal law or the laws of this state.”
[5] In order to show retaliation under NFEPA, a plaintiff
must establish (1) he or she engaged in protected conduct,
(2) he or she was subjected to an adverse employment action,
2
See Jacobs Engr. Group v. ConAgra Foods, 301 Neb. 38, 917 N.W.2d 435
(2018).
3
Id.
4
See id.
5
Id.
6
§ 48-1101.
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HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
and (3) there was a causal connection between the protected
conduct and the adverse action. 7
[6,7] We have previously held that a plaintiff alleging he or
she was subjected to retaliatory action based upon opposing
or refusing to participate in an employer’s practice or action
which was unlawful only has to show a reasonable, good faith
belief of the act’s unlawfulness. 8 In order for such a belief to
be reasonable, the act believed to be unlawful must either in
fact be unlawful or at least be of a type that is unlawful. 9
In challenging instruction No. 8, Haffke argues that the
required element that he “engaged in a protected activity by
opposing or refusing to carry out a practice of [Signal 88]
that is unlawful” improperly stated the law. Haffke claims this
requirement failed to explain that he only needed to establish a
reasonable and good faith belief that Signal 88’s actions were
unlawful and instead imposed an additional burden on him to
show Signal 88’s actions were actually unlawful.
[8-10] When evaluating whether a given instruction ade-
quately states the law, the instruction should not be judged
in artificial isolation but must be viewed in the context of
the overall charge to the jury considered as a whole. 10 If the
instructions given, taken as a whole, correctly state the law, are
not misleading, and adequately cover the issues submissible to
a jury, there is no prejudicial error concerning the instructions
and necessitating a reversal. 11 Jury instructions are subject
to the harmless error rule, and an erroneous jury instruction
7
See McPherson v. City of Scottsbluff, 303 Neb. 765, 931 N.W.2d 451
(2019).
8
See, Oldfield v. Nebraska Mach. Co., 296 Neb. 469, 894 N.W.2d 278
(2017); Wolfe v. Becton Dickinson & Co., 266 Neb. 53, 662 N.W.2d 599
(2003).
9
Oldfield, supra note 8; Wolfe, supra note 8.
10
State v. Ely, 295 Neb. 607, 889 N.W.2d 377 (2017).
11
See Rodriguez v. Surgical Assocs., 298 Neb. 573, 905 N.W.2d 247 (2018).
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HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
requires reversal only if the error adversely affects the sub­
stantial rights of the complaining party. 12
Instruction No. 8 followed the wording of § 48-1114 in
requiring that Haffke prove he engaged in a “protected activity”
by opposing or refusing to carry out a practice “unlawful under
federal law or the laws of the State of Nebraska.” Instruction
No. 9 further defined “[p]rotected activity” to include “oppos-
ing or refusing to carry out a practice of Signal 88 that . . .
Haffke reasonably and in good faith believed to be unlawful
under federal law or the laws of the State of Nebraska” and
clarified that “[a]n employee is protected against retaliation for
opposing or refusing to carry out unlawful activity even if the
conduct complained of is not unlawful.”
These instructions provide the required element that Haffke
engaged in a protected activity, that such protected activity
could include opposing or refusing to carry out an unlawful
practice, and that an unlawful practice could include an act
Haffke reasonably and in good faith believed to be unlawful
without needing to actually be unlawful. We find, when read
together, instructions Nos. 8 and 9 correctly state the required
elements of the claimed retaliation under § 48-1114.
We disagree with Haffke’s contention that instruction No. 8
is misleading by requiring actual unlawfulness when instruc-
tion No. 9 only requires a reasonable and in good faith belief
of unlawfulness. Instruction No. 8 follows the wording of
§ 48-1114 and defines a protected activity to include opposing
a company’s unlawful actions. Instruction No. 9 clarifies that
unlawful actions may include actions which the employee rea-
sonably and in good faith believes to be unlawful, but which
do not actually violate the law. These instructions are not con-
tradictory nor misleading. Instead, they are accurate statements
and explanations of the law.
Because instruction No. 8, when read together with the rest
of the instructions, was a correct statement of the law and
12
Id.
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HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
was not misleading, there is no prejudicial error necessitating
a reversal. The district court did not err in giving instruction
No. 8 to the jury.
Jury Instruction No. 12
Haffke next assigns that the district court erred in giving
instruction No. 12, because it instructed the jury regard-
ing the business judgment rule. More specifically, Haffke
contends that the business judgment rule does not apply to
employment discrimination cases and that instruction No. 12
conflicts with the jury’s ability to find Signal 88’s purported
reasons for Haffke’s termination from employment and denial
of the subcontractor agreement were pretext and to draw infer-
ences therefrom.
Haffke argues that the statutory basis for the business judg-
ment rule, and therefore instruction No. 12, is Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 21-2,103 (Cum. Supp. 2016). Because § 21-2,103 directs
that “[a] director shall not be liable to the corporation or its
shareholders” for any action when made in good faith and pur-
suant to a reasonable and adequately informed belief as to the
best interests of the corporation, Haffke claims the Legislature
intended to limit the business judgment rule’s application to
corporate governance cases. Haffke therefore argues the busi-
ness judgment rule, as provided in instruction No. 12, does not
apply to employment cases.
We agree that § 21-2,103 is inapplicable to the instant action.
However, the language of instruction No. 12 does not address
the application of § 21-2,103. Instruction No. 12 does not
concern a director’s liability to its corporation or shareholders.
Additionally, instruction No. 12 does not reduce or eliminate
an employer’s liability because an employer terminated an
employee pursuant to a good faith, reasonable, and informed
belief as to the best interests of the corporation. Instead,
instruction No. 12 explains that the jury cannot grant Haffke a
verdict simply because the jury finds the termination or denial
of the subcontractor agreement harsh and unreasonable.
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HAFFKE v. SIGNAL 88
Cite as 306 Neb. 625
[11] NFEPA is patterned from that part of the Civil Rights
Act of 1964 contained in 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (2012),
and it is appropriate to look to federal court decisions constru-
ing similar and parent federal legislation. 13 As such, we note
that numerous federal courts have long held that the employ-
ment discrimination laws have not vested in the federal courts
the authority to sit as super personnel departments reviewing
the wisdom or fairness of the business judgments made by
employers, except to the extent that those judgments involve
intentional discrimination. 14
The 11th Circuit has held that a “plaintiff is not allowed to
recast an employer’s proffered nondiscriminatory reasons or
substitute his business judgment for that of the employer.” 15
“Provided that the proffered reason is one that might motivate
a reasonable employer, an employee must meet that reason
head on and rebut it, and the employee cannot succeed by sim-
ply quarreling with the wisdom of that reason.” 16 Additionally,
the Seventh Circuit has held that “[i]t is not the role of the
court to determine whether an employer’s expectations were
fair, prudent, or reasonable.” 17 “So long as its management
decision was not a guise for a discriminatory purpose, we must
respect that decision.” 18 However, at least one circuit court
has recognized that an employer’s business judgment is not an
absolute defense to unlawful discrimination. 19
13
Hartley v. Metropolitan Util. Dist., 294 Neb. 870, 885 N.W.2d 675 (2016).
14
Hutson v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 63 F.3d 771 (8th Cir. 1995). See,
Boss v. Castro, 816 F.3d 910 (7th Cir. 2016); Ya-Chen Chen v. City
University of New York, 805 F.3d 59 (2d Cir. 2015); Chapman v. AI
Transport, 229 F.3d 1012 (11th Cir. 2000); Verniero v. Air Force Academy
Sch. Dist. No. 20, 705 F.2d 388 (10th Cir. 1983).
15
Chapman, supra note 14, 229 F.3d at 1030.
16
Id.
17
Boss, supra note 14, 816 F.3d at 917.
18
Id.
19
Wexler v. White’s Furniture, Inc., 317 F.3d 564 (6th Cir. 2003).
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These propositions have translated into courts’ determining
that employers have the right to have juries instructed on the
business judgment rule in employment discrimination cases
and that such instructions do not prejudice the employee. 20 In
fact, the Eighth Circuit has held that in employment discrimi-
nation cases, a business judgment instruction is “‘crucial to a
fair presentation of the case.’” 21
The Nebraska Court of Appeals, in a memorandum opinion,
has also noted that employment discrimination laws have not
vested in the courts the authority “‘“to sit as super-personnel
departments reviewing the wisdom or fairness of the business
judgments made by employers, except to the extent that those
judgments involve intentional discrimintation.”’” 22
Contrary to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as interpreted by
the described federal courts, Haffke contends that the Nebraska
Legislature limited application of the business judgment rule
in its enactment of NFEPA. In support of this argument,
Haffke compares NFEPA to the County Civil Service Act
and cites Blakely v. Lancaster County, 23 wherein we found a
county’s business judgment authority was limited by statutory
requirements and rules adopted by the county for appointing
employees.
In Blakely, a county employee contended that the county
denied him an opportunity to fairly compete for job vacancies
because the county failed to properly comply with the County
20
See, Julian v. City of Houston, Tex., 314 F.3d 721 (5th Cir. 2002); Kelley
v. Airborne Freight Corp., 140 F.3d 335 (1st Cir. 1998); Walker v. AT &
T Technologies, 995 F.2d 846 (8th Cir. 1993); Hancock v. Washington
Hospital Center, 13 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 2014).
21
Stemmons v. Missouri Dept. of Corrections, 82 F.3d 817, 819 (8th Cir.
1996), quoting Walker, supra note 20.
22
Stevens v. County of Lancaster, No. A-18-003, 2019 WL 2755097 at *10
(Neb. App. July 2, 2019) (selected for posting to court website), quoting
Bone v. G4S Youth Services, LLC, 686 F.3d 948 (8th Cir. 2012), quoting
Hutson, supra note 14.
23
Blakely v. Lancaster County, 284 Neb. 659, 825 N.W.2d 149 (2012).
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Civil Service Act. In response to the county’s argument that
no one had the authority “‘to sit as a super personnel depart-
ment reviewing the business judgments made . . . when hiring
personnel,’” this court held that by passing the County Civil
Service Act, “the Legislature has limited those ‘business judg-
ments’ [and that it was] a court’s duty to enforce those statu-
tory requirements.” 24
However, Haffke has pointed to no statutory or regulatory
requirement or limitation which would have limited Signal 88’s
business judgment authority to terminate his employment or
deny his subcontractor agreement, unlike the statutes involved
in Blakely. Contrary to Haffke’s argument, Blakely did not
stand for the proposition that employment decisions are never
subject to a business’ judgment. The statutes and rules involved
in Blakely expressly imposed procedural requirements and lim-
ited the ability of the county as to its consideration of certain
employment decisions. Because we find no such limiting stat-
utes or rules are at issue here, Blakely and its analysis of the
County Civil Service Act do not apply to Haffke’s retaliation
claim under NFEPA.
[12,13] In line with the described federal courts and the
Nebraska Court of Appeals, we too now hold that employment
discrimination laws have not vested in the Nebraska courts
the authority to sit as super personnel departments reviewing
the wisdom or fairness of the business judgments made by
employers, except to the extent that those judgments involve
intentional discrimination. We further hold that instructing
a jury on the business judgment rule in an employment dis-
crimination case is not error when the evidence warrants such
an instruction.
Haffke also claims instruction No. 12 misled the jury and
inhibited its ability to consider and make inferences that
Signal 88’s purported reasons for termination of his employ-
ment and denial of the subcontract agreement were pretexts.
24
Id. at 673, 825 N.W.2d at 161-62.
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Haffke argues this instruction contradicts the pretext standard
provided by instructions Nos. 10 and 11.
[14] In cases involving claims of employment discrimina-
tion, this court has recognized the burden-shifting analysis
which originated in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green. 25
First, the plaintiff has the burden of proving by a prepon-
derance of the evidence a prima facie case of discrimina-
tion. 26 Second, if the plaintiff succeeds in proving the prima
facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate
some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s
rejection. 27 Third, should the defendant carry the burden, the
plaintiff must then have an opportunity to prove by a prepon-
derance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by
the defendant were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for
discrimination. 28
Because Haffke articulated a showing that he was dis-
charged following protected activities of which the employer
was aware, he established a prima facie case of retaliatory
dismissal. As a result, the burden shifted to Signal 88 to show
a legitimate, nondiscriminatory justification for discharging
Haffke. Signal 88 met this burden by advancing as justifica-
tion for Haffke’s discharge his work performance issues. The
record adequately substantiates these reasons. Therefore, the
presumption of discrimination disappeared, requiring Haffke
to prove that the proffered justification was merely a pretext
for discrimination.
Instructions Nos. 10 and 11 address the jury’s ability to
consider whether Signal 88’s reasoning was a pretext to hide
retaliation. Specifically, these instructions explain:
25
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S. Ct. 1817, 36 L.
Ed. 2d 668 (1973). See Riesen v. Irwin Indus. Tool Co., 272 Neb. 41, 717
N.W.2d 907 (2006).
26
Riesen, supra note 25; Harris v. Misty Lounge, Inc., 220 Neb. 678, 371
N.W.2d 688 (1985).
27
Id.
28
Id.
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You may find Defendant would not have [terminated
or denied the independent contractor agreement] “but for”
Plaintiff’s opposition to or refusal to carry out an unlaw-
ful practice of Defendant, if it has been proved that the
Defendant’s stated reasons for its decision[s] to [termi-
nate the Plaintiff’s employment or deny the independent
contractor agreement] are not the real reasons, but are a
pretext to hide retaliation.
Instruction No. 12 does not conflict with instructions Nos. 10
and 11 and does not limit the jury’s ability to find Signal 88’s
purported reasons were pretexts to hide its real retaliatory
reasons. Instruction No. 12 explains that the jury cannot find
retaliation simply because it disagrees with Signal 88’s deci-
sion or finds it harsh or unreasonable. It does not address
the possibility that the jury does not believe Signal 88’s
purported reasons were the real reasons. Instead, instructions
Nos. 10 and 11 properly instruct that should the jury deter-
mine Signal 88’s reasons were pretexts to hide retaliation, the
jury could make inferences from that finding and determine
Haffke’s opposition or refusal to carry out Signal 88’s alleg-
edly unlawful business practices was the cause of Haffke’s
termination from employment or Signal 88’s denial of the
subcontractor agreement.
We also find instruction No. 12 did not interfere with the
jury’s ability to draw inferences if it found termination or
denial of the subcontractor agreement was harsh or unreason-
able when compared to Signal 88’s purported reasoning. As
stated, the jury was properly instructed by instructions Nos. 10
and 11 that it could find Signal 88’s offered reasons were not
the real reasons but pretexts to hide retaliation. Additionally,
instructions Nos. 1 and 4 explained that the parties’ arguments
may have been drawn from legitimate deductions and infer-
ences from the evidence and that the jury had the ability to find
facts based upon logical inferences. Instruction No. 12 did not
contradict these instructions and prohibit such inferences from
being made.
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Instruction No. 12, when read together with the rest of the
instructions, correctly states that the jury could not find retali-
ation simply because it disagreed with Signal 88’s purported
reasons or found them harsh or unreasonable. Instruction
No. 12 did not restrict the jury’s ability to draw logical infer-
ences from evidence presented that the termination or denial
of the subcontract agreement was harsh or unreasonable and
did not restrict the jury’s ability to find the purported reasons
were not the real reasons but were pretexts for retaliation under
instructions Nos. 10 and 11. The instructions given, taken
as a whole, correctly state the law, are not misleading, and
adequately cover the submitted issues. Therefore, there is no
prejudicial error concerning instruction No. 12 and necessitat-
ing a reversal. 29
Based upon the foregoing, this assignment of error is with-
out merit.
Defamation
[15] A defamation claim has four elements: (1) a false and
defamatory statement concerning the claimant, (2) an unprivi-
leged publication to a third party, (3) fault amounting to at least
negligence on the part of the publisher, and (4) either action-
ability of the statement irrespective of special harm or the exis-
tence of special harm caused by the publication. 30
Section 25-840.01 addresses this fourth element and states,
in relevant part:
(1) In an action for damages for the publication of a
libel . . . , the plaintiff shall recover no more than special
damages unless correction was requested as herein pro-
vided and was not published. Within twenty days after
knowledge of the publication, plaintiff shall have given
each defendant a notice . . . specifying the statements
claimed to be libelous . . . and specifically requesting
29
See Rodriguez, supra note 11.
30
JB & Assocs. v. Nebraska Cancer Coalition, 303 Neb. 855, 932 N.W.2d 71
(2019).
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correction. Publication of a correction shall be made
within three weeks after receipt of the request. It shall
be made in substantially as conspicuous a manner as the
original publication about which complaint was made. .
. . The term special damages, as used in this section, shall
include only such damages as plaintiff alleges and proves
were suffered in respect to his or her property, business,
trade, profession, or occupation as the direct and proxi-
mate result of the defendant’s publication.
Haffke assigns the district court erred in granting Signal 88
a directed verdict on the defamation claim by shifting the bur-
den to Haffke to plead or prove § 25-840.01. Haffke argues
Signal 88 was required to raise compliance with § 25-840.01
as an affirmative defense but failed to do so. As such, Haffke
claims he was not required to plead or prove special damages
under § 25-840.01.
[16-19] Nebraska’s pleading rules require that certain enu-
merated defenses “and any other matter constituting an avoid-
ance or affirmative defense” must be pled in a defendant’s
answer. 31 An affirmative defense raises a new matter which,
assuming the allegations in the petition to be true, constitutes
a defense to the merits of a claim asserted in the petition. 32 It
generally avoids, rather than negates, the plaintiff’s prima facie
case. 33 The Nebraska Court Rules of Pleading in Civil Actions,
like the federal rules, have a liberal pleading requirement for
both causes of action and affirmative defenses, but the touch-
stone is whether fair notice was provided. 34
Here, the pleadings of the parties put the application of
§ 25-840.01 at issue and gave Haffke fair notice that Signal 88
was alleging its compliance with the statute. In his complaint,
31
Neb. Ct. R. Pldg. § 6-1108(c).
32
Armstrong v. Clarkson College, 297 Neb. 595, 901 N.W.2d 1 (2017).
33
Salem Grain Co. v. City of Falls City, 302 Neb. 548, 924 N.W.2d 678
(2019).
34
Funk v. Lincoln-Lancaster Cty. Crime Stoppers, 294 Neb. 715, 885
N.W.2d 1 (2016).
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Haffke explicitly claimed Signal 88 failed to comply with
§ 25-840.01. The complaint alleged that “[u]pon learning of
the defamatory disclosure, [Haffke] immediately sent a request
to Signal 88 . . . pursuant to [§] 25-840.01 to retract its
untrue statements contained within the FDD,” but that “[a]t
the time of this filing, the statement has not been retracted and
Signal [88] has not released an amended FDD.” Signal 88’s
answer admitted Haffke had “requested that Signal 88 retract
the statement [in the FDD] that he was terminated from his
employment due to his poor performance,” but denied that it
had not retracted the statement or released an amended FDD.
Moreover, Signal 88’s answer claimed it “has complied with
all applicable statutes and regulations and, thus, . . . has not
defamed [Haffke]” and that Haffke “did not suffer damages
or harm attributable to the action or inaction of [Signal 88]
as alleged in [Haffke’s] complaint.” In consideration of these
pleadings, there was a known, disputed question of fact about
whether Signal 88 issued a correction or amendment, and it
was known Signal 88’s compliance with § 25-840.01 was
at issue.
This case is distinguishable from Funk v. Lincoln-Lancaster
Cty. Crime Stoppers, 35 in which we held a “failure to request a
retraction under § 25-840.01 constitutes an affirmative defense
which must be raised prior to trial.” In Funk, the complaint
made an allegation of defamation against the city of Lincoln
but made no reference to § 25-804.01. The city’s answer raised
various affirmative defenses, but did not raise compliance with
§ 25-804.01. This court in Funk noted that the city’s argument
that the plaintiff was entitled to only special damages because
she failed to ask for a retraction was a new matter that raised
a new issue.
Here, Haffke’s complaint makes it clear that he was alleging
that he had sent a request for retraction, that Signal 88 failed
to issue a retraction, and that, as such, he was not limited to
35
Id. at 729, 885 N.W.2d at 12.
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seeking only special damages. Signal 88’s answer admitted that
Haffke sent a request, but it denied the allegation that it failed
to amend the statement. Unlike in Funk, supra, Signal 88’s
reliance on § 28-804.01 was not a new matter that raised a
new issue. The parties’ pleading put § 25-840.01 at issue, and
Haffke had fair notice that Signal 88 was alleging it complied
with § 25-840.01. Accordingly, the district court did not err in
considering the application of § 25-840.01.
[20] Additionally, in his appellate brief, Haffke did not
argue that Signal 88’s amended FDD failed to comply with
§ 25-840.01 and argued only that he was not required to
plead or prove special damages because Signal 88 did not
raise compliance with § 25-840.01 as an affirmative defense.
Although Haffke did raise the argument in his reply brief that
the amended statement did not comply with § 25-840.01 and
argued that this issue raised a question of fact which should
have been determined by the jury before it was determined
he needed to plead or prove special damages, Haffke failed to
assign and argue it in his initial brief. In the absence of plain
error, an appellate court considers only claimed errors which
are both assigned and discussed. 36 Finding no such plain error
here, we decline to address this issue because Haffke failed to
assign and argue it in his initial brief.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the district court did not err
in giving instructions Nos. 8 and 12. The court also did not
err in applying § 25-840.01 and directing a verdict in favor
of Signal 88 on Haffke’s defamation claim. Accordingly, we
affirm.
Affirmed.
36
Salem Grain Co. v. Consolidated Grain and Barge Co., 297 Neb. 682, 900
N.W.2d 909 (2017).