In re T.M. , 2016 Ohio 8425 ( 2016 )

[Cite as In re T.M., 2016-Ohio-8425.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
GEAUGA COUNTY, OHIO
IN THE MATTER OF: T.M., : OPINION
DELINQUENT CHILD.
:
CASE NO. 2016-G-0060
Appeal from the Geauga County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division.
Case No. 14 JD 000426.
Judgment: Affirmed.
James R. Flaiz, Geauga County Prosecutor, and Melissa J. Lee, Assistant Prosecutor,
Courthouse Annex, 231 Main Street, Suite 3A, Chardon, OH 44024 (For Appellee, the
state of Ohio).
Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, and Charlyn Bohland, Assistant State Public
Defender, 250 East Broad Street, Suite 1400, Columbus, OH 43215 (For Appellant,
T.M., a minor).
TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J.
{¶1} Appellant, T.M., a minor, appeals from an entry of the Geauga County
Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, classifying her as a Tier II juvenile sex
offender and imposing 20-year registration requirements. For the reasons that follow,
we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
{¶2} On November 6, 2014, appellee, the state of Ohio, filed a complaint
against T.M., alleging one count of rape, four counts of gross sexual imposition, and two
counts of delinquency. T.M. entered pleas of true to two counts of gross sexual
imposition, in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4), felonies of the third degree if committed
by an adult. The remaining five counts were dismissed by the state. T.M. was 17 years
old at the time of the offense; the two victims were 9 years old and 10 years old. On
December 29, 2014, T.M. was adjudicated delinquent. The court postponed final
disposition in order to review the pre-disposition report and a Sexual Aggression
Assessment.
{¶3} At disposition on January 20, 2015, T.M. was committed to the custody of
the Ohio Department of Youth Services (“DYS”) for two consecutive terms of at least six
months, but not to exceed T.M.’s twenty-first birthday. The judgment entry of
disposition also stated the matter shall be set for a classification hearing prior to T.M.’s
discharge from the custody of DYS.
{¶4} The trial court held a juvenile offender registrant classification hearing on
November 20, 2015. Prior to and at the hearing, defense counsel raised constitutional
challenges to classifying T.M. as a juvenile sex offender with reporting requirements
that would extend past her twenty-first birthday. Specifically, defense counsel argued it
would violate the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses, as well as constitute
Double Jeopardy. After the hearing, the state filed a response in opposition to the
objections.
{¶5} In a December 18, 2015 judgment entry, the trial court overruled T.M.’s
objections. The court classified T.M. as a Tier II juvenile sex offender; T.M. is thus
required to register in person every 180 days for a period of 20 years. T.M. appealed
from this entry and raises two assignments of error for our review:
[1.] The juvenile court erred when it classified T.M. as a juvenile
offender registrant because T.M.’s status as a mandatory registrant
under R.C. 2152.83(A) violates the Equal Protection Clauses of the
U.S. and Ohio Constitutions.
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[2.] The juvenile court erred when it classified T.M. as a tier II
juvenile offender registrant because the classification period
extends beyond the age jurisdiction of the juvenile court, in violation
of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution;
and, Article I, Sections 9 and 16, Ohio Constitution.
{¶6} Challenges to the constitutionality of a law are reviewed de novo. State v.
Weaver, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2013-T-0066, 2014-Ohio-1371, ¶10 (citation omitted).
“‘De novo review is independent from and without deference to the trial court’s
determination.’” Id., quoting State v. Henderson, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2010-P-0046,
2012-Ohio-1268, ¶10. We begin with the presumption, however, that all legislative
enactments are constitutional. State v. Ferraiolo, 140 Ohio App. 3d 585, 586 (11th
Dist.2000) (citation omitted). The party challenging the statute has the burden to prove
its unconstitutionality. State v. Thompkins, 75 Ohio St. 3d 558, 560 (1996) (citations
omitted).
{¶7} We first address T.M.’s second assignment of error, in which she argues
the imposition of a classification period that extends beyond the age jurisdiction of the
juvenile court violates a child’s constitutional right to due process and, as a result,
constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.
{¶8} “Due process rights are applicable to juveniles through the Due Process
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1,
Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution. What process is due depends on considerations of
fundamental fairness in a particular situation.” In re D.S., 146 Ohio St. 3d 182, 2016-
Ohio-1027, ¶28 (citations omitted).
{¶9} The Ohio Supreme Court recently overruled a due process challenge to
the imposition of a duty to register on a 14-year-old offender pursuant to R.C.
2152.83(B). The Court held that the imposition of juvenile offender registrant status
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under R.C. 2152.83(B) and of reporting duties extending beyond age 18 or 21 “includes
sufficient procedural protections to satisfy the due-process requirement of fundamental
fairness. And, given the allowance for periodic review and modification, it is consistent
with the rehabilitative purpose of the juvenile system.” Id. at ¶37.
{¶10} Here, as T.M. was 17 years old at the time of the offense, her duty to
register was imposed pursuant to R.C. 2152.83(A). The fundamental difference
between sections (A) and (B) of R.C. 2152.83 is the juvenile’s age. Under section (A), if
other requirements are met, the trial court “shall” issue an order that classifies a 16- or
17-year-old child as a juvenile offender registrant and instructs the child to comply with
registration requirements. R.C. 2152.83(A)(1). Under section (B), if other requirements
are met, the trial court “may,” in its “discretion,” issue an order that classifies a 14- or
15-year-old child as a juvenile offender registrant and instructs the child to comply with
registration requirements. R.C. 2152.83(B)(2).
{¶11} “Determining which tier of classification applies to the juvenile offender
also requires a hearing and the exercise of the court’s discretion”—regardless of which
section applies to the juvenile. D.S., supra, at ¶33, citing R.C. 2152.83(A)(2) & (C)(1).
Additionally, R.C. 2152.85(A) provides trial courts with discretion to reclassify or
declassify a juvenile offender registrant upon successful petition to the court. See id. at
¶35.
{¶12} The due process challenge in D.S. and in the case sub judice relates to
whether it is unconstitutional for the juvenile court to impose registration requirements
that continue beyond the age jurisdiction of the juvenile court. The distinction between
mandatory and discretionary imposition found in sections (A) and (B) is therefore not
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relevant to this argument. As a result, we conclude that the due process holding in D.S.
as applied to R.C. 2152.83(B) also applies to R.C. 2152.83(A).
{¶13} We therefore hold that the imposition of juvenile offender registrant status
under R.C. 2152.83(A) and of reporting duties extending beyond age 18 or 21 includes
sufficient procedural protections to satisfy the due process requirement of fundamental
fairness. Given the allowance for periodic review and modification, as provided in R.C.
2152.85(A), it is also consistent with the rehabilitative purpose of the juvenile system.
See id. at ¶37; see also In re N.Z., 11th Dist. Lake No. 2012-L-100, 2014-Ohio-157,
¶38-45.
{¶14} T.M. further asserts that R.C. 2152.83(A) constitutes cruel and unusual
punishment. Her arguments in support of this proposition, however, turn on a finding
that the statute violates due process protections. Her due process challenge is not well
taken, and T.M. has not provided any further support for this assertion.
{¶15} T.M.’s second assignment of error is without merit.
{¶16} Under her first assignment of error, T.M. argues that R.C. 2152.83(A)
violates a child’s constitutional right to equal protection by requiring 16- and 17-year-
olds to register based solely on their age. This argument rests on the distinction
between sections (A) and (B) of R.C. 2152.83, as noted above, to wit: mandatory versus
discretionary imposition of registration requirements depending on the juvenile’s age at
the time of the offense.
{¶17} The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides
that “[n]o state shall * * * deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of
the laws.” The Supreme Court of Ohio has deemed the equal protection clause in the
Ohio Constitution to be “functionally equivalent” to the right established by the
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Fourteenth Amendment. Am. Assn. of Univ. Professors, Cent. State Univ. Chapter v.
Cent. State Univ., 87 Ohio St. 3d 55, 59 (1999). “Consequently, a claim under either
provision will necessitate the same analysis; to wit, that similarly situated individuals be
treated in a similar manner.” In re B.D., 11th Dist. Portage No. 2011-P-0078, 2012-
Ohio-4463, ¶26, citing McCrone v. Bank One Corp., 107 Ohio St. 3d 272, 2005-Ohio-
6505, ¶6.
{¶18} Because a legislative classification based on the juvenile offender’s age
neither burdens a fundamental right nor targets a suspect class, courts employ a
rational basis standard of review. Id., citing Groch v. Gen. Motors Corp., 117 Ohio St. 3d
192, 2008-Ohio-546, ¶82. The challenging party has the burden of persuasion to show
the challenged law is not rationally related to any legitimate interest. Id., citing Vacco v.
Quill, 521 U.S. 793, 799 (1997).
{¶19} The Seventh District Court of Appeals has held that “there is some
rational, conceivable reason for drawing a line so that 14 and 15 year old sex offenders
will only be subject to discretionary classification rather than the mandatory
classification (into a discretionary tier) that 16 and 17 years old are subject to.” In re
M.R., 7th Dist. Jefferson No. 13 JE 30, 2014-Ohio-2623, ¶46. Accord In re Forbess, 3d
Dist. Auglaize No. 2-09-20, 2010-Ohio-2826, ¶56; In re J.M., 3d Dist. Wyandot No. 16-
12-01, 2012-Ohio-4109, ¶32; see also B.D., supra, at ¶32 (finding a rational basis for
beginning classifications at the age of 14). In so holding, the Seventh District stated “[i]t
is not irrational for legislators to conclude that the farther a juvenile is from adulthood,
the more responsive he [or she] will be to treatment. From this, the legislature could
reason that the lower the age of the offender, the reduced likelihood of recidivism and
thus the decreased need for tracking.” M.R., supra, at ¶45.
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{¶20} This court has already adopted the Seventh District’s equal protection
holding from M.R. See In re T.W., 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2015-A-0013, 2015-Ohio-
5213, ¶30. Specifically, we held “the age differentials in R.C. 2152.83 were designed to
protect the public from the older delinquents as well as to provide the younger offenders
more opportunity to reform and rehabilitate.” Id., citing M.R., B.D., and J.M., supra.
Appellant has not brought anything to this court’s attention that would cause us to
vacate our precedent on this matter.
{¶21} Appellant’s first assignment of error is without merit.
{¶22} For the reasons stated herein, it is the judgment of this court that the
judgment of the Geauga County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, is affirmed.
THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., concurs,
COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., concurs in part and dissents in part, with a Concurring
and Dissenting Opinion.
____________________
COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., concurs in part and dissents in part, with a Concurring
and Dissenting Opinion.
{¶23} I concur with the majority’s well-reasoned disposition of T.M.’s second
assignment of error: any due process challenge to R.C. 2152.83(A) is foreclosed by the
decision in In re D.S., supra. I respectfully dissent regarding her equal protection
argument, embodied in her first assignment of error.
{¶24} The majority relies on the reasoning of the Seventh District Court of
Appeals in In re M.R., 2014-Ohio-2623, in reaching the conclusion that R.C. 2152.83(A)
does not violate equal protection by subjecting 16 and 17 year old juvenile sex
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offenders to mandatory sexual offender classification. The Seventh District correctly
concluded that an equal protection challenge to R.C. 2152.83(A) was subject to the
rational basis level of scrutiny. In re M.R., 2014-Ohio-2623, at ¶35-45. As the majority
observes, the Seventh District went on to conclude the legislature could rationally
conclude “the farther a juvenile is from adulthood, the more responsive he will be to
treatment,” and thus less likely to recidivate. Id. at ¶45. The obvious corollary being
that older juveniles – those 16 or 17 years of age – are more likely to recidivate.
{¶25} The juvenile in M.R., supra, was granted a discretionary appeal by the
Supreme Court of Ohio. In re M.R., 140 Ohio St. 3d 1521, 2014-Ohio-5251. The first
and second propositions of law advanced by M.R. concerned due process and double
jeopardy. The third, however, involved equal protection, and read: “R.C. 2152.83(A)
violates the Equal Protection Clauses of the United States and Ohio Constitutions
because it requires mandatory registration for 16- and 17-year old first-time offenders.”
Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction of Minor Child-Appellant M.R., Case No. 14-
1315 (Aug. 1, 2014). August 23, 2016, the Supreme Court of Ohio rejected M.R.’s first
two propositions of law based on its decision in In re D.S., supra. In re M.R., Slip
Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-5451. However, it dismissed as improvidently granted the equal
protection challenge embodied in the third proposition of law. Id. Justices Pfeifer,
Lanzinger, and O’Neill dissented.
{¶26} M.R. moved for reconsideration regarding the third proposition of law
September 1, 2016. The court denied the motion October 26, 2016, with justices
Pfeifer, Lanzinger and O’Neill again dissenting. In re M.R., 2016-Ohio-7455. This writer
finds the following quote from the memorandum in support of the motion for
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reconsideration, written by Brooke M. Burns, Chief Counsel, Juvenile Department,
Office of the Ohio Public Defender, both enlightening, and convincing:
{¶27} “* * * R.C. 2152.83(A) mandates the classification of 16- and 17-year old,
first-time juvenile offenders as sex offender registrants * * * eliminating the juvenile
court’s ability to determine whether a 16- or 17-year-old child should register, based on
the facts of the child’s case. Instead, the legislature has determined that registration
should be mandatory for this group of child offenders, based solely on the child’s age at
the time of the offense. R.C. 2152.83(A). This is in stark contrast to the discretionary
registration to which first-time 14- and 15-year-old juvenile offenders are subject. R.C.
2152.83(B).
{¶28} “But, research demonstrates that there is no rational basis for mandating
the classification of 16- and 17-year-old juvenile offenders based on their age. For
example, adolescents who commit sexual offenses have an extremely low recidivism
rate, especially when supplied with appropriate treatment and support. According to the
Ohio Association of County Behavioral Health Authorities, the Ohio recidivism rates for
juveniles who commit a sexual offense and who receive treatment, supervision, and
support, are lower than any other group of offenders, at 4%-10%. The Ohio Association
of County Behavioral Health Authorities, Behavioral Health: Developing a Better
Understanding, Juvenile Sex Offenders, Vol. 3, Issue no. I at 1. That means 90% to
96% of juvenile offenders receiving appropriate treatment are not a danger to the public
– including those who were 16 or 17 at the time of the offense. Further, adolescents
who commit sexual offenses do not have deviant sexual arousals, do not meet the
criteria for pedophilia, and do not have the same long-term tendencies to commit sexual
offenses when compared to adults who commit sexually oriented offenses. Chaffin et
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al., What Research Shows About Adolescent Sex Offenders, National Center on Sexual
Behavior of Youth, No. 1 (July 2003) at 1-3.1 This is true for all juvenile offenders, not
just those under the age of 16.”
{¶29} In sum, the scientific evidence belies the legislature’s presumption that
older juvenile sex offenders are more likely to recidivate than younger offenders.
Consequently, the mandatory classification of 16 and 17 year old first time sex
offenders cannot pass the rational basis level of scrutiny.
{¶30} On its face, the conclusion that older juvenile sex offenders are more likely
to recidivate than younger ones seems logical. But the scientific evidence says
otherwise. As science delves deeper into many areas of human life, including behavior,
the law must incorporate the new findings. The ancient Greeks once believed Helios
drove his Sun Chariot from the east, to the western ocean each day, then during the
night, under the ocean and back to the east, to commence the next day. And the state
of human knowledge at the time made this plausible. As Greek science advanced, the
Greeks realized the myth of Helios was just that – a myth.
{¶31} Since I find that R.C. 2152.83(A) does not pass the rational basis test, I
respectfully dissent regarding the disposition of T.M.’s first assignment of error.
1. See also Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (ATSA), The Effective Legal Management of
Juvenile Sex Offenders, (Mar. 11, 2000), available at http://www.atsa.com/ppjuvenile.html (accessed Aug.
31, 2016); Miranda & Corcoran, Comparison of Perpetration Characteristics Between Male Juvenile and
Adult Sexual Offenders: Preliminary Results, 12 Sexual Abuse, A Journal of Research and Treatment 179
(2000), available at http://www.springerlink.com/content/n8234311q65916m3/ (accessed Aug. 31, 2016);
Alexander, Sexual Offender Treatment Efficacy Revisited, 11 Sexual Abuse, A Journal of Research and
Treatment 101 (1999) available at http://www.springerlink.com/content/n33644k217r38211/ (accessed
Aug. 31, 2016); Zimring et al., The Predictive Power of Juvenile Sex Offending: Evidence from the
Second Philadelphia Birth Cohort Study (2007), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=995918 (accessed
Aug. 31, 2016); Zimring et al., Sexual Delinquency in Racine: Does Early Sex Offending Predict Later Sex
Offending In Youth And Young Adulthood?, Criminology & Public Policy, 6:507-534 (2007) available at
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/biblio/studies/8163/resources/48125?collection=DATA&sortB
y=1 (accessed Aug. 31, 2016).
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