State v. Flores , 2015 NMCA 2 ( 2014 )

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New Mexico Compilation
Commission, Santa Fe, NM
'00'05- 09:25:18 2015.01.14
Certiorari Granted, December 19, 2014, No. 34,940
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
Opinion Number: 2015-NMCA-002Filing Date: September 23, 2014
Docket No. 32,709
STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
GUADALUPE FLORES,
Defendant-Appellant.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CURRY COUNTY
Stephen K. Quinn, District Judge
Gary K. King, Attorney General
Corinna Laszlo-Henry, Assistant Attorney General
Santa Fe, NM
for Appellee
Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender
Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender
Santa Fe, NM
for Appellant
OPINION
ZAMORA, Judge.
{1} Guadalupe Flores (Defendant) appeals her convictions for murder in the second
degree, three counts of aggravated battery with a deadly weapon, and one count of
aggravated battery on a household member. Defendant contends that systematic removal of
Spanish-only speaking jurors from the jury panels from which her jury was chosen violated
her right to a fair and impartial jury. Defendant also claims that the district court abused its
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discretion by failing to sever the charges, which stemmed from two separate incidents. We
conclude that Defendant failed to establish a prima facie case of systematic exclusion of
Spanish-only speakers from jury panels. We further conclude that the district court did not
abuse its discretion in denying Defendant’s motion to sever. Accordingly, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
{2} Defendant and Anthony Mah (Mah) were romantically involved, lived together, and
had four children together. The charges against Defendant stemmed from two separate
incidents involving Defendant and Mah; one occurred in February 2011, and the other in
November 2011.
{3} On February 12, 2011, Defendant went looking for Mah, who was out. Defendant
found Mah sitting in his parked vehicle outside a residence with a female passenger.
Defendant was upset. Witnesses reported seeing Defendant drive her vehicle into the back
of Mah’s vehicle several times. Defendant later told police that she had run into Mah’s car
because he was with another woman. Defendant was charged with aggravated battery on a
household member.
{4} Defendant and Mah continued their relationship. On November 1, 2011, Mah was
driving around with a friend, Brandon Vann (Vann), and three female passengers. Defendant
spotted the group and approached their vehicle. When Mah noticed Defendant, he drove
away and Defendant followed in her vehicle. Defendant pursued Mah and rear-ended the
vehicle he was driving multiple times. Eventually, as Mah began to pull to the side of the
road, Defendant hit the vehicle from the side, and the vehicle flipped several times. Vann
was pronounced dead at the scene. Following the crash, Defendant was charged with one
count of second degree murder and four counts of aggravated battery with a deadly weapon.
{5} The charges against Defendant from the February incident and the November
incident were joined. Prior to trial Defendant moved to sever the charges. The motion was
denied and the matters were tried jointly. Defendant was convicted of all charges.
{6} Defendant moved for a new trial after learning that all prospective jurors who spoke
Spanish only and required an interpreter were systematically excluded from the jury panels
from which her trial jury was selected. The district court held a hearing on the issue. The
court clerk responsible for selecting jury panels testified at the hearing. The clerk testified
that in creating jury panels, she put all Spanish-only speaking prospective jurors on one
panel in order to minimize the cost of interpreters. In this case, the jury pool was comprised
of approximately one thousand prospective jurors. The clerk divided them into five panels
and assigned all Spanish-only speakers to panel three. Defendant’s jury was selected from
panels one and two. In her motion for a new trial, Defendant claimed that the clerk’s practice
deprived her of a fair and impartial jury. The motion was denied. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
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A. Systematic Exclusion of Prospective Jurors
1. Preservation
{7} The State argues that Defendant failed to preserve her objection to the composition
of the jury venire because she failed to alert the district court to the basis of her claim with
the requisite specificity to satisfy preservation requirements. We disagree.
{8} Rule 12-216 NMRA provides that a question is preserved for appellate review if it
“appear[s] that a ruling or decision by the district court was fairly invoked . . . [and f]urther,
if a party has no opportunity to object to a ruling or order at the time it is made, the absence
of an objection does not thereafter prejudice the party.”
The primary purposes of the preservation requirements are: (1) to specifically
alert the district court to a claim of error so that the error may be corrected
at that time, (2) to allow the opposing party adequate opportunity to respond
to a claim of error, and (3) to create a sufficient record to allow this Court to
make an informed decision regarding the contested issue.
State v. Moncayo, 2012-NMCA-066, ¶ 5, 284 P.3d 423.
{9} In this case, Defendant was not aware of the clerk’s jury panel selection procedures
until after her trial. Once Defendant became aware that Spanish-only speaking prospective
jurors were excluded from the two jury panels from which her jury was selected, she moved
for a new trial. The State responded, and the district court held a hearing on the motion. At
the hearing, the court clerk testified regarding her jury panel selection process. After hearing
the testimony and arguments from the parties, the district court ruled on the merits of the
motion. Because the district court was alerted to Defendant’s claim of error and had a
sufficient opportunity to fully address it, the issue was sufficiently preserved for our review.
2. Waiver Pursuant to NMSA 1978, § 38-5-16 (1969)
{10} The State also argues that because Defendant did not object to the jury venire
composition prior to the empaneling of the jury, Defendant waived her right to object under
Section 38-5-16. We are not persuaded.
{11} Determining whether Section 38-5-16 bars Defendant’s objection to the clerk’s jury
selection process even though Defendant was not aware of the procedure until after her trial
is an issue of statutory interpretation. Accordingly, our review is de novo. United Rentals
Nw., Inc. v. Yearout Mech., Inc., 2010-NMSC-030, ¶ 7, 148 N.M. 426, 237 P.3d 728. The
guiding principle when construing statutes is to “determine and give effect to legislative
intent.” OS Farms, Inc. v. N.M. Am. Water Co., 2009-NMCA-113, ¶ 19, 147 N.M. 221, 218
P.3d 1269 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To discern the Legislature’s
intent, “we look first to the plain language of the statute, giving the words their ordinary
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meaning, unless the Legislature indicates a different one was intended.” Marbob Energy
Corp. v. N.M. Oil Conservation Comm’n, 2009-NMSC-013, ¶ 9, 146 N.M. 24, 206 P.3d 135(alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). Statutory language that is clear
and unambiguous must be given effect. Trinosky v. Johnstone, 2011-NMCA-045, ¶ 11, 149
N.M. 605, 252 P.3d 829.
{12} Section 38-5-16 states, in pertinent part, that a criminal defendant “may challenge
the jury panel on the ground that the members thereof were not selected substantially in
accordance with law. . . . Such a challenge is waived if not raised before the trial jury panel
has been sworn and selection of the trial jury commenced.” By definition, waiver is “[t]he
voluntary relinquishment or abandonment . . . of a legal right or advantage[.]” Black’s Law
Dictionary 1717 (9th ed. 2009). “The party alleged to have waived a right must have had
both knowledge of the existing right and the intention of forgoing it.” Id.{13} In this case, Defendant was not aware of the clerk’s policy to segregate Spanish-only
speaking prospective jurors at the time her jury was being empaneled. She could not have
objected to the procedure in accordance with Section 38-5-16 because she did not know that
her objection was warranted until after her trial. We do not believe that the Legislature
intended for Section 38-5-16 to bar objections to unlawful jury selection where a party does
not know the selection process has been unlawful prior to swearing in the prospective jury
panel and jury selection has been commenced. We decline to apply the statute in that way.
See State v. Stevens, 2014-NMSC-011, ¶ 15, 323 P.3d 901 (“It is the high duty and
responsibility of the judicial branch of government to facilitate and promote the
[L]egislature’s accomplishment of its purpose. Although we look first to the language of the
statute, we will reject a formalistic and mechanical statutory construction when the results
would be absurd, unreasonable, or contrary to the spirit of the statute.” (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted)). Accordingly, we conclude that Defendant did not waive her
right to object to the composition of the jury venire.
3. Representative Cross-Section of the Community
{14} We turn now to Defendant’s claim that she was deprived of a fair and impartial jury
as a result of the systematic exclusion of Spanish-only speakers from the majority of jury
panels in Curry County. Article II, Section 14 of the New Mexico Constitution entitles
criminal defendants to a “trial by an impartial jury,” which requires that the jury represent
a “fair cross[-]section of the community.” State v. Aragon, 1989-NMSC-077, ¶¶ 5, 25, 109
N.M. 197, 784 P.2d 16. Defendant relies heavily on Aragon to support her contention that
the systematic exclusion of Spanish-only speakers from jury panels is unconstitutional.
{15} However, Defendant’s reliance on Aragon is misplaced. Aragon involved a
constitutional challenge to a prosecutor’s purposeful, discriminatory, and systematic exercise
of peremptory strikes to exclude members of a cognizable racial group from the jury panel.
Id. ¶¶ 9, 15-16. This type of alleged violation requires an examination of the prosecutor’s
conduct, and inferences that can be made about the prosecutor’s discriminatory intent. Id.
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¶ 17 (“[T]he party may show that [the prosecutor] has struck most or all of the members of
the identified group from the venire, or has used a disproportionate number of peremptories
against the group. He may also demonstrate that the jurors in question share only this one
characteristic—their membership in the group—[or] . . . the failure of [the prosecutor] to
engage the same jurors in more than desultory voir dire, or indeed to ask them any questions
at all.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
{16} This type of analysis is distinguishable from the analysis we apply to claims that the
jury selection process as a whole has resulted in systematic exclusion of a particular group.
This Court has adopted a two-step test for determining whether there was a violation of a
defendant’s constitutional right to a jury selected from a fair cross-section of the community
from the United States Supreme Court, Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357 (1979). First, the
defendant must establish whether there was a prima facie violation of the fair cross-section
requirement.
[T]o show a prima facie violation of the fair cross-section requirement, a
defendant must demonstrate that (1) the group alleged to be excluded is a
‘distinctive’ group in the community, (2) the group’s representation in
venires from which juries are selected is not fair and reasonable in relation
to the number of such persons in the community, and (3) this under-
representation results from the systematic exclusion of the group in the jury-
selection process.
State v. Casillas, 2009-NMCA-034, ¶ 13, 145 N.M. 783, 205 P.3d 830 (citing Duren, 439
U.S. 357, 364). If there was a prima facie violation, the second part of the test provides the
government an opportunity to defend its practices by demonstrating that a significant state
interest is advanced by the process that results in the exclusion of a distinctive group. Duren
at 367-68.
{17} Here, Defendant relies primarily on authority related to prosecutorial discrimination,
and does not address the Duren test. As a result, Defendant has not fully developed her
argument regarding a prima facie violation of the fair cross-section requirement. This Court
will not rule on an inadequately-briefed issue where doing so would require this Court “to
develop the arguments itself, effectively performing the parties’ work for them.” Elane
Photography, LLC v. Willock, 2013-NMSC-040, ¶ 70, 309 P.3d 53, cert. denied, 134 S. Ct.
1787 (2014); see id. (“[W]e are not required to do their research. . . . This creates a strain on
judicial resources and a substantial risk of error. It is of no benefit either to the parties or to
future litigants for this Court to promulgate case law based on our own speculation rather
than the parties’ carefully considered arguments.” (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted)). Our Court has been clear that it is the responsibility of the parties to set forth their
developed arguments, it is not the court’s responsibility to presume what they may have
intended. See Headley v. Morgan Mgmt. Corp., 2005-NMCA-045, ¶ 15, 137 M.M. 339, 110
P.3d 1076 (holding that this Court has no duty to review an argument that is not adequately
developed or guess at what the argument might be); see also In re Adoption of Doe, 1984-
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NMSC-024, ¶ 2, 100 N.M. 764, 676 P.2d 1329 (holding where a party cites no authority to
support an argument, we may assume no such authority exists). To do otherwise is setting
a very dangerous precedent. Moreover, for us to unilaterally develop Defendant’s
constitutional argument, and rule on that basis here, would deprive the State of an
opportunity to advance any argument it may have regarding a significant state interest served
by the challenged process. This would result in a substantial disadvantage to the State.
{18} The same disadvantage exists regarding Defendant’s assertion that Article II, Section
14 of the New Mexico Constitution provides greater protection than the federal constitution.
The dissent believes that Defendant has presented an argument that Aragon should be
extended to prohibit the actions of a court official that result in all Spanish-only speakers
being segregated. However, Aragon, only related to prosecutorial misconduct. The mere
statement that the New Mexico Constitution provides greater protection does not articulate
how the greater protection offered by Article II, Section 14 applies in this context and,
therefore, provides no basis for response by the State. The dissent believes that the Duren
test is “out of place” and should not apply, but if it does not, it is not clear what would apply.
Although the principle of Aragon may conceivably be applicable, that, without more, is not
argument. In sum, we conclude that Defendant has not met her burden and has failed to
establish the systematic exclusion of Spanish-only speakers from the jury panels.
{19} The district court has an affirmative responsibility to empanel jurors in a random
manner. NMSA 1978, § 38-5-11(A) (2005). Accordingly, it is important to stress that the
Ninth Judicial District’s court clerk’s systematic policy of impermissibly manipulating the
jury selection process is a miscarriage of that responsibility and borders on the egregious.
By placing all Spanish-only speaking prospective jurors in one panel, the clerk has
effectively excluded them from all of the other panels. This process can potentially violate
both the prospective jurors’ right to serve and the criminal defendant’s right to a fair and
impartial jury. See State v. Samora, 2013-NMSC-038, ¶ 7, 307 P.3d 328 (“This Court has
recognized more than once that Article VII, Section 3 [of the New Mexico Constitution]
unambiguously protects the rights of Spanish-only speakers to serve on our state juries.”);
see also Aragon, 1989-NMSC-077, ¶ 25 (“Article II, Section 14, [of the New Mexico
Constitution] entitl[es the defendant] to a jury representing a fair cross[-]section of the
community[.]”).
{20} In this case, although the clerk’s action is inexcusable, the record does not reveal
whether Spanish-only speaking members of the jury pool were actually prevented from
serving as a result of the clerk’s policy. It is also unclear whether the policy resulted in trial
juries that were not representative of the community.
B. Defendant’s Motion to Sever Charges
{21} Prior to trial, Defendant moved to sever the charge of aggravated battery on a
household member related to the February incident from the charges of second-degree
murder and four charges of aggravated battery with a deadly weapon related to the
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November incident. The district court denied the motion to sever finding that the evidence
would have been cross-admissible, that Defendant failed to show undue prejudice resulting
from the joinder of charges, and that the evidence of the February incident was relevant to
rebut Defendant’s claim that the November crash was an accident. We review the denial of
a motion to sever for an abuse of discretion. State v. Lovett, 2012-NMSC-036, ¶10, 286 P.3d
265.
{22} Defendant argues that the evidence of the aggravated battery on a household member
would not be cross-admissible because it was improper evidence under Rule 11-404(B)
NMRA. Defendant further argues that, even if the evidence were cross-admissible, it should
have been kept out because the probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger
of unfair prejudice under Rule 11-403 NMRA. The State contends that the evidence would
be cross-admissible because it shows intent (that the collision between the two vehicles was
not an accident), and because it was not more prejudicial than probative.
{23} Rule 5-203(A) NMRA requires the State to join certain charges if the offenses “(1)
are of the same or similar character, even if not part of a single scheme or plan; or (2) are
based on the same conduct or on a series of acts either connected together or constituting
parts of a single scheme or plan.” State v. Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-007, ¶¶ 10, 141 N.M. 185,
152 P.3d 828. However, “a [district] court may abuse its discretion in failing to sever
charges” if there is prejudice to the accused. Id. ¶¶ 9, 16.
{24} In determining whether a district court’s failure to sever resulted in prejudice to the
defendant, we must first determine whether the evidence pertaining to each charge would
be cross-admissible in separate trials. Id. ¶ 19 (“[T]here is a high risk of undue prejudice
whenever joinder of counts allows evidence of other crimes to be introduced in a trial of
charges with respect to which the evidence would otherwise be inadmissible. On the other
hand, cross-admissibility of evidence dispels any inference of prejudice.” (alterations,
internal quotation marks, and citations omitted)).
{25} We determine cross-admissibility through an analysis of Rule 11-404(B). See Lovett,
2012-NMSC-036, ¶ 37; Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-007, ¶¶ 20-21. Rule 11-404(B)(1) states:
“Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in
order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the
character.” Nonetheless, evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act may be used for another
purpose, “such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity,
absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” Rule 11-404(B)(2). The district court may admit
evidence of prior acts where such evidence is relevant to a material issue other than the
defendant’s character. State v. Martinez, 1999-NMSC-018, ¶ 30, 127 N.M. 207, 979 P.2d
718. However, the state must “identify and articulate the consequential fact to which the
evidence is directed.” Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-007, ¶ 22.
{26} Here, the evidence relevant to the charge of battery on a household member, arising
from the February incident, would have been cross-admissible under Rule 11-404(B)(2). The
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evidence of the first incident, during which Defendant purposefully ran her vehicle into
Mah’s vehicle after finding him in the company of another woman, could show that she
purposefully collided with the vehicle Mah was driving in November, when she once again
found him in the company of other women. This evidence does not necessarily imply that
Defendant has the propensity or character to behave dangerously, which would be improper
character evidence under Rule 11-404(B)(1). Rather, it is permissible under Rule 11-
404(B)(2). We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying
Defendant’s motion to sever.
CONCLUSION
{27} For the foregoing reasons we affirm.
{28} IT IS SO ORDERED.
____________________________________
M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge
I CONCUR:
____________________________________
JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
LINDA M. VANZI, Judge, (dissenting).
VANZI, Judge (dissenting)
{29} Defendant has argued in the district court and on appeal that the systematic and
complete exclusion of Spanish-only speakers from the panels from which her petit jury was
drawn violated her right to a venire that represented a cross-section of the community. The
jury clerk for the Ninth Judicial District testified that she intentionally manipulated the jury
venire to ensure that all Spanish-only speakers were placed on a single separate panel in
order to save the costs of hiring additional interpreters. This practice of segregating Spanish-
speaking venire members potentially violates the sixth amendment to the United States
Constitution, Article II, Section 14 of the New Mexico Constitution, and Section 38-5-11(A)
(“The court shall empanel jurors in a random manner.”). Given the nature of the rights at
stake of both a prospective juror’s right to serve and a criminal defendant’s right to a fair and
impartial jury, I cannot join in ¶¶ 14-19 of the majority’s Opinion.
{30} I am fully aware of the importance of ensuring that litigants adequately brief relevant
issues on appeal. However, this concern should not prevent review of an alleged
constitutional violation that the majority itself recognizes is a “miscarriage” of judicial
responsibility that “borders on the egregious.” Majority Op. ¶ 18. I also believe that
Defendant’s briefing is adequate. Defendant argues that Article II, Section 14 of the New
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Mexico Constitution provides greater protection than its federal counterpart. Defendant cites
Aragon, which adopted California’s “Wheeler Doctrine,” extending the state constitution’s
fair cross-section guarantee to prevent prosecutors from using racially discriminatory
peremptory challenges at the impaneling stage. 1989-NMSC-077, ¶¶ 21-23; see State v.
Gonzales, 1991-NMCA-007, ¶ 34, 111 N.M. 590, 808 P.2d 40 (holding that the same
rationale applies to prevent discrimination on the basis of gender). In Aragon, our Supreme
Court departed from federal cross-section precedent, reasoning that “the state should not be
able to accomplish indirectly at the selection of the petit jury what it has not been able to
accomplish directly at the selection of the venire.” 1989-NMSC-077, ¶ 23. I interpret
Defendant’s argument as an invitation to extend this reasoning to Defendant’s situation,
where a court official rather than the State has intentionally manipulated the venire panels
to totally exclude Spanish-only speakers from the actual jury.
{31} I see no reason why we cannot consider Defendant’s argument. I, like Defendant,
find it difficult to distinguish between a prosecutor’s exercise of peremptory challenges to
exclude a particular group from the jury panel, and a court official’s ability to unilaterally
accomplish the same result. While the standards for measuring the discriminatory use of
peremptory strikes may be of no use here, in my view, the majority’s test adopted from
Duren seems to be equally out of place.1 Majority Op. ¶¶ 16-17.
{32} The Duren approach focuses on underrepresentation, proven by statistically
quantifiable disparity levels between the jury pool and the jury-eligible population, and is
unconcerned with the makeup of the actual petit jury panel. See Lockhart v. McCree, 476
U.S. 162, 173 (1986). Requiring Defendant to prove that Spanish-only speakers, who are
constitutionally protected in this state, constitute a distinctive group, and requiring
Defendant to present census data and other statistical evidence to demonstrate that—at an
inclusion rate of zero percent—they are systematically underrepresented, seems to me an
exercise in futility that ignores the heart of the issue: Does Article II, Section 14 of the New
Mexico Constitution allow a court official to remove all Spanish-only speakers from a jury
panel, solely based on their language, when a prosecutor likely cannot?
{33} Even if the Duren approach applies, I disagree with the majority’s statement that
applying the test and ruling on the issue would deprive the State of an opportunity to
advance its interest in continued exclusion. The State articulated its interest in a written
response and at a hearing on Defendant’s motion for a new trial. I do not believe that
economic concerns, leave alone unsubstantiated ones, can justify the Ninth Judicial District’s
practice of systematically stacking its jury panels—a practice that appears to remain in effect
today. I respectfully dissent.
1
I also note that we applied this test in Casillas only because the defendant in that
case did not preserve an argument that the state constitution was violated. 2009-NMCA-034,
¶ 11. Defendant here has preserved her argument under Article II, Section 14 of the New
Mexico Constitution.
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____________________________________
LINDA M. VANZI, Judge
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