James Eric Higginbotham v. State , 416 S.W.3d 921 ( 2013 )

Opinion issued November 26, 2013.
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-12-00547-CR
———————————
JAMES ERIC HIGGINBOTHAM, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court at Law No. 3
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 1773747
OPINION
Appellant James Eric Higginbotham was charged with misdemeanor driving
while intoxicated (DWI). The jury found Higginbotham guilty of DWI, and the
trial court sentenced him to thirty days’ confinement. On appeal, Higginbotham
argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress a video recording
of him performing field sobriety tests in the police station’s DWI room on the
night of his arrest. Higginbotham contends the DWI room video should have been
suppressed because the State failed to preserve a different video recording—one
that was captured by Officer Boles’s in-car camera and showed what transpired at
the scene of Higginbotham’s arrest. We affirm.
Background
Officer Boles of the La Porte Police Department was the State’s key witness
at trial. He testified that he pulled Higginbotham over at 2:00 a.m. after his license
plate reader alerted him that a possible traffic warrant was associated with
Higginbotham’s car. Higginbotham smelled of alcohol, slurred his speech, had red
watery eyes, and admitted that he drank four twelve-ounce beers at Kemah that
night.
Officer Boles did not conduct any field sobriety tests (FSTs) at the scene.
Instead, he arrested Higginbotham for outstanding traffic warrants and suspicion of
DWI and drove him to the police station, which was five minutes away. In the
station’s DWI room, Boles had Higginbotham perform video-recorded FSTs.
During trial but outside the presence of the jury, Higginbotham moved to
suppress the results of the horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) test on the basis that
it was not properly administered and, therefore, was unreliable. During the hearing
on that motion, Officer Boles testified that the scene video had been recorded by
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his in-car camera, but that it was not preserved because the department’s policy
only required him to submit one video—the in-station video that recorded the
FSTs—to the District Attorney’s office.
The next morning, Higginbotham orally supplemented his motion to
suppress and urged the trial court to suppress the video of Higginbotham
performing the FSTs in the DWI room on the basis that the State failed to preserve
the scene video recorded by Officer Boles’s in-car camera. Outside the jury’s
presence, Officer Boles testified that the scene video was no longer available. He
acknowledged that the scene video would have shown that Higginbotham did not
drive erratically and that Higginbotham was able to get out of his car without
stumbling. The trial court denied the motion to suppress the DWI room video.
In the jury’s presence, Officer Boles testified about the missing scene video.
Officer Boles told the jury that his in-car camera recorded the traffic stop, but that
the scene video was not preserved because, consistent with department policy, he
only requested the video custodian to preserve the in-car videos in DWI cases in
which FSTs were conducted at the scene. Thus, he “did not request any special
treatment for the in-car video due to the fact that the stop was predominantly the
warrant stop and [the] DWI investigation was conducted predominantly at the
station.” And, in accordance with the La Porte Police Department’s policy, videos
from the in-car cameras were destroyed after 90 days.
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On cross-examination, Officer Boles acknowledged that the scene video
showed that Higginbotham did not exhibit certain signs of intoxication.
Specifically, Officer Boles admitted that Higginbotham was not driving erratically,
and that the scene video would have captured about 30 seconds of Higginbotham
driving. Officer Boles also admitted that Higginbotham did not fumble with his
wallet, stumble out of his car, or lean on his car for support. Officer Boles did tell
the jury, however, that the scene video recorded his own audible statements to the
effect that Higginbotham had slurred speech, red, watery eyes, and smelled of
alcohol at the scene.
Discussion
Higginbotham contends that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing
to suppress the DWI room video because the State destroyed the scene video,
which contained valuable evidence material to Higginbotham’s defense.
Higginbotham asserts the scene video’s destruction violates the Due Course of
Law Clause of the Texas Constitution, which Higginbotham argues affords him
greater protection than federal law.
A. Standard of Review
“In review of a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, an appellate
court must apply a standard of abuse of discretion and overturn the trial court’s
ruling only if it is outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Martinez v. State,
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348 S.W.3d 919, 922 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). We use a bifurcated standard of
review, giving almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of historic
facts and mixed questions of law and fact that rely upon the credibility of a
witness, but applying a de novo standard of review to pure questions of law and
mixed questions that do not depend on credibility determinations. Id. at 922-23.
“[W]hen the trial court fails to file findings of fact, we view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and assume that the trial court made
implicit findings of fact that support its ruling as long as those findings are
supported by the record.” State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000) (en banc) (citing Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327–28 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2000)).
B. Applicable law
“[T]he suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused
upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or
to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.”
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 1196–97 (1963). To find
reversible error under Brady, the appellant must show that (1) the State failed to
disclose evidence, regardless of the prosecution’s good or bad faith; (2) the
withheld evidence is favorable to him; and (3) the evidence is material, that is,
there is a reasonable probability that had the evidence been disclosed the outcome
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of the trial would have been different. Pena v. State, 353 S.W.3d 797, 809 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2011).
“Incorporated into the third prong, materiality, is a requirement that [the]
defendant must be prejudiced by the State’s failure to disclose the favorable
evidence.” Harm v. State, 183 S.W.3d 403, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (en banc).
To be material, missing “evidence must both possess an exculpatory value that was
apparent before the evidence was destroyed, and be of such a nature that the
defendant would be unable to obtain comparable evidence by other reasonably
available means.” California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 489, 104 S. Ct. 2528,
2534 (1984). “The mere possibility that an item of undisclosed information might
have helped the defense, or might have affected the outcome of the trial, does not
establish ‘materiality’ in the constitutional sense.” Hampton v. State, 86 S.W.3d
603, 612 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (quoting United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97,
109–10, 96 S. Ct. 2392, 2400 (1976)); Hebert v. State, 836 S.W.2d 252, 254 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d) (to establish materiality, appellant must
show more than that lost evidence might have been favorable). “The evidence is
material only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been
disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
‘reasonable probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
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outcome.” United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682, 105 S. Ct. 3375, 3383
(1985).
C. Analysis
On appeal, Higginbotham argues that the State’s failure to preserve the
scene video violates Brady and the Due Course of Law Clause of the Texas
Constitution, which Higginbotham contends affords him greater protection than
federal law. See U.S. CONST. amends. V, XIV, § 1; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 19.
Higginbotham’s claim that Texas law affords him greater protection than federal
law is based on Pena v. State, 166 S.W.3d 274 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005) (“Pena
I”), vacated, 191 S.W.3d 133, 138 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (“Pena II”), which he
urges us to follow.
1. Texas law affords Higginbotham no greater protection than
federal law.
The Pena case has produced numerous opinions, but the ones on which
Higginbotham relies have been vacated and, therefore, are not authoritative. Pena
was charged with possession of 24 pounds of marijuana, and his defensive theory
was that the substance was not marijuana. Pena I, 166 S.W.3d at 276–77. The
trial court granted Pena’s motion to independently examine the substance, but the
substance had been destroyed. Id. at 277. Pena then moved to suppress a
laboratory report confirming that the substance was in fact marijuana, and the trial
court denied his motion. Id.
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The Waco Court of Appeals observed the holding in Arizona v.
Youngblood—that if destroyed evidence is merely “potentially useful” rather than
“material and exculpatory,”—its destruction does not violate the federal Due
Process Clause unless the accused shows that the State acted in bad faith. Id. at
277–78. But it went on to hold that Texas’s Due Course of Law Clause provided
the appellant greater protection than federal law, and concluded that the Texas
Constitution requires the State to preserve all evidence that has “apparent
exculpatory value,” which includes exculpatory evidence and evidence that is only
potentially useful to the defense. Id. at 281. The Court of Criminal Appeals
vacated and remanded, holding that because the court of appeals acted sua sponte,
it “erred in failing to give the parties the opportunity to brief the issue.” Pena II,
191 S.W.3d at 134.
On remand, the court of appeals again held that the Due Course of Law
Clause provides greater protection than the federal Due Process Clause. See Pena
v. State, 226 S.W.3d 634, 651 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007) (“Pena III”), rev’d on
other grounds, 285 S.W.3d 459, 465 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (“Pena IV”). The
Court of Criminal Appeals reversed again, holding that the appellant failed to
preserve his claim under the Texas Constitution. Pena IV, 285 S.W.3d at 461.
On remand, the court of appeals addressed Pena’s separate complaint that he
was denied due process under Brady because the State failed to disclose the audio
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portion of the video from the arresting officer’s in-car camera. Pena v. State, No.
10-03-00109-CR, 2010 WL 2306699, at *1 (Tex. App.—Waco June 9, 2010)
(Pena V), rev’d on other grounds, 353 S.W.3d 797, 815 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)
(reversed and remanded for new trial after holding evidence was material under
Brady) (Pena VI). The Court of Criminal Appeals held the audio recording was
both favorable and material under Brady and reversed and remanded for a new trial
on that basis. But this holding was based on federal, not state, law. Accordingly,
none of the Pena opinions having precedential value support Higginbotham’s
contention that Texas’s Due Course of Law Clause affords him greater protection
than federal law.
Additionally, other Texas courts of appeals, including the Fourteenth, have
held that “the Due Course of Law Clause does not provide a greater level of
protection than the Due Process Clause regarding the State’s loss or destruction of
evidence in a criminal prosecution.” State v. Vasquez, 230 S.W.3d 744, 750 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.); see also Jackson v. State, 50 S.W.3d
579, 588–89 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet ref’d); Salazar v. State, 185
S.W.3d 90, 92 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, no pet.). We agree and hold that
Texas’s Due Course of Law Clause does not afford Higginbotham greater
protection than the federal Due Process Clause. See Vasquez, 230 S.W.3d at 751.
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Accordingly, we conclude that Higginbotham is entitled to relief only to the extent
it is available under federal law.
2. The trial court’s refusal to suppress the DWI room video does not
violate federal law.
To satisfy the third element under Brady, the withheld evidence must be
material. Evidence is material under Brady if there is a reasonable probability that
the outcome of the trial would have been different if the evidence had been
disclosed. 1 Pena IV, 353 S.W.3d at 809. When evaluating whether the materiality
standard is satisfied, the strength of the exculpatory evidence is balanced against
the evidence supporting the conviction. Id. at 812.
Here, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
Higginbotham did not have “the normal use of mental or physical faculties by
reason of the introduction of alcohol . . . into the body.” See TEX. PEN. CODE ANN.
§ 49.01(2)(A) (West Supp. 2013). Higginbotham contends the scene video would
have been favorable for him because it showed him behaving normally before he
1
If the evidence is not material and a defendant instead bases a federal due process
challenge on a state’s destruction of “potentially useful evidence,” then a different
test applies—the defendant must demonstrate that the state destroyed the evidence
in bad faith. Illinois v. Fisher, 540 U.S. 544, 547–48, 124 S. Ct. 1200, 1202
(2004); Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 57–58, 109 S. Ct. 333, 337 (1988).
Here, nothing in the record indicated the State acted in bad faith, and
Higginbotham concedes this. Therefore, Higginbotham cannot prevail under a
theory that the scene video was “potentially useful evidence” under Youngblood,
as opposed to “favorable” and “material” under Brady. Youngblood, 488 U.S. at
58, 109 S.Ct. at 337; Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 1196–97
(1963).
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was placed in the unfriendly environment of the DWI room. Having considered
the strength of the scene video against the evidence supporting the conviction, we
conclude that the scene video did not meet Brady’s materiality prong.
Officer Boles testified about the content of the scene video. He agreed that
the scene video showed some indications that Higginbotham was not intoxicated.
Specifically, Officer Boles testified that the scene video would have shown that
Higginbotham was not driving erratically, did not stumble out of his car or lean on
it for support, did not fumble with his wallet, and was able to remove his driver’s
license from his wallet and give it to Officer Boles without any problem.
However, Officer Boles also testified that the scene video recorded his own audible
comments to the effect that Higginbotham smelled of alcohol, had red, watery
eyes, and slurred his speech. 2 The evidence regarding the missing scene video thus
shows that the scene video would have been somewhat—but not entirely—helpful
to Higginbotham.
The evidence supporting Higginbotham’s conviction, on the other hand, was
strong. First and foremost, Officer Boles testified that Higginbotham admitted that
he drank four twelve-ounce beers in Kemah on the night of his arrest.
Second, Officer Boles gave extensive and detailed oral testimony about
Higginbotham’s inability to perform the FSTs. During the walk and turn test,
2
The charge instructed the jury that it may “consider the destruction of the La Porte
scene video in [their] deliberations.”
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Higginbotham was unable to balance, could not stand with one foot’s heel directly
in front of the other foot’s toes, missed steps, and turned the wrong direction.
During the one leg stand, Higginbotham signified the loss of the normal use of his
physical faculties because he could not raise one foot six inches while counting and
keeping his legs straight and hands at his sides. Higginbotham put the raised foot
down multiple times, swayed, and used his arms for balance during the entire test.
Likewise, during the “finger to nose” test, Higginbotham swayed, failed to follow
instructions, and missed his nose several times.
Finally, the jury saw Higginbotham perform these tests in the DWI room
video, after which Officer Boles testified that he could hear Higginbotham slurring
his speech in the DWI room video.
Balancing the slight exculpatory value of the scene video against the
evidence supporting the conviction, we hold that there was not a “reasonable
probability” that that the outcome of the trial would have been different had the
jury seen the scene video. Accordingly, the scene video was not material under
Brady, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Higginbotham’s
motion to suppress. See Barre v. State, 826 S.W.2d 722, 725 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d.) (destroyed tape recording was not material
under Brady where it “cut both ways” and worked both to appellant’s benefit and
detriment); Mahaffey v. State, 937 S.W.2d 51, 53 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
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1996, no pet.) (lost video recording not material merely because DWI defendant
argued video might have had exculpatory value and officer did not remember
appellant acting outrageously); Williams v. State, 906 S.W.2d 58, 61 (Tex. App.—
Tyler 1995, pet. ref’d) (destroyed video not material where it may have shown
some inconsistencies in arresting officer’s testimony and record did not suggest
State destroyed tape in bad faith).
We overrule Higginbotham’s sole point of error.
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Rebeca Huddle
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Bland and Huddle.
Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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