State Of Washington, Res. v. Kenneth Franklin Miller, App. ( 2013 )

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
CD
- STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 68574-1-1
Respondent, DIVISION ONE
v.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
KENNETH FRANKLIN MILLER,
Appellant. FILED: October 28, 2013
Schindler, J. — Kenneth Franklin Miller appeals his conviction of assault in the
second degree. Miller asserts the instructions misstate the law and relieve the State of
its burden of proof by incorrectly stating the jury need only find that he disregarded a
"wrongful act" rather than "substantial bodily harm." We reverse and remand for a new
trial.
FACTS
United Parcel Service (UPS) driver Randall Rasar delivered packages to
Kenneth Franklin Miller's house in Bellevue approximately once every other month for
10 to 15 years.
On November 6, 2009, UPS notified Miller that he needed to sign for the delivery
scheduled for that evening. Rasar parked the UPS truck at the end of the sloping
driveway leading to Miller's house at approximately 6:00 p.m. and walked up the
No. 68574-1-1/2
driveway to the front porch. Rasar rang the doorbell "several times" and then
"pound[ed]" on the door with his flashlight.
Miller opened the door and asked Rasar why he was "pounding" on the door.
Rasar told Miller he was wearing earplugs and he thought the doorbell was
disconnected. Miller signed for the package. After Rasar walked down the stairs of the
front porch, he turned around and told Miller, "[E]njoy your package jerk."
Miller walked down the steps after Rasar calling, "[H]ey," and caught up with
Rasar "in the middle of the driveway." Miller said that Rasar "shouted get away from
me. Leave me alone," and then struck Miller in the face with his flashlight. Miller said
that after Rasar hit him, he put his hand on Rasar's "shoulder and started pushing [him]
forward" toward the UPS truck so Rasar "couldn't turn" and hit him again. While going
down the driveway, Miller said that they picked up speed. When they reached the
bottom of the driveway, Miller pushed Rasar "off to my side and lifted my arm because 1
ran into the side of the truck." Miller fell to the ground, got up, and walked back to the
house.
According to Rasar, he rang the doorbell only once and "tapped" on Miller's door
with his flashlight. Rasar admitted that as he was leaving, he muttered, "What a jerk,
under [his] breath." Rasar said that he was only a few feet from the truck when Miller
grabbed him from behind, shoved him into the side of the truck, and began punching
him in the back of the head and body. Rasar suffered a broken nose and had abrasions
on his face, arms, knees, and hip.
No. 68574-1-1/3
The State charged Miller with assault in the second degree of Rasar. The State
alleged that Miller intentionally assaulted and recklessly inflicted substantial bodily
harm. Miller asserted he used lawful force to defend himself, and the accidental injuries
to Rasar were caused when he slammed into the truck.
The State called a number of witnesses, including Rasar, to testify at trial.
Miller's spouse Tania Miller testified that while she was in the back bedroom finishing a
school project, she heard "a lot of loud knocking and ringing at the door.... Probably
about 4 or 5 times." Tania said it then "became quiet and I heard voices so I assumed
[Miller] had answered the door." Tania saw Miller about 10 minutes later when she took
a break. Tania said his face was red and he was sitting on a footstool in the kitchen
"looking, just shocked, bewildered, just dazed."
Tania asked Miller what happened "[b]ecause of all the noise." Miller told Tania
that
it was the UPS man which made no sense to me and so I started saying
why would the UPS man make all that noise. You know, what's wrong,
you know? I could just, I knew something was wrong. He just was being
so quiet and just not himself. And so I kept pressing him and finally he
told me that the UPS guy had taken a swing at him with a flashlight and
not to worry, he was fine. Everything was fine. Of course I was
completely worried. I asked if he was okay. He said I'm fine. I managed
to get the guy away from me and out in the driveway. Everything's fine.
You need to finish your project. We can talk about this later. I said we
need to call someone or do we need to do something. He said we will,
just please, you must finish. You're almost finished. We can't mess up
your graduation. Just finish. It's half an hour I'll be finished. I said I'll be
finished in half an hour and he said that's great. And we'll take care of this
then.
No. 68574-1-1/4
Miller denied hitting Rasar. Miller testified that he pushed Rasar down the
driveway after Rasar hit him to prevent Rasar from hitting him again. Dr. Gary Kato
testified that Miller had a number of contusions and bruises on his "right cheek, left
forearm, [and] right elbow."
The court instructed the jury on self defense but rejected a number of the other
instructions proposed by the defense, including an instruction defining the element of
"reckless" to mean acting "with the intent to cause substantial bodily harm."1
The jury convicted Miller of assault in the second degree. Miller appeals.
ANALYSIS
Miller asserts the jury instructions misstate the law by incorrectly defining
"reckless," relieving the State of its burden of proving an essential element of assault in
the second degree and depriving him the opportunity to argue his theory of the case.
We review challenged jury instructions de novo. State v. Lew, 156 Wash. 2d 709,
721, 132 P.3d 1076 (2006). As a general rule, "jury instructions are sufficient when,
read as a whole, they accurately state the law, do not mislead the jury, and permit each
party to argue its theory of the case." State v. Teal. 152 Wash. 2d 333, 339, 96 P.3d 974
(2004). When a court is instructing a jury, it "should use the statute's language 'where
the law governing the case is expressed in the statute.'" State v. Harris. 164 Wash. App.
377, 387, 263 P.3d 1276 (2011) (quoting State v. Hardwick. 74 Wash. 2d 828, 830, 447
P.2d80(1968)).
1The defense instruction defining "reckless" states:
A person is reckless or acts recklessly when he knows of and disregards a
substantial risk that substantial bodily injury may occur and disregarding this risk is a
gross deviation from conduct that a reasonable person would exercise in the same
situation.
A person also recklessly causes substantial bodily harm if he acted with the
intent to cause substantial bodily harm.
No. 68574-1-1/5
Jury instructions must inform the jury that the State bears the burden of proving
each essential element of a criminal offense beyond a reasonable doubt. State v.
Peters. 163 Wash. App. 836, 847, 261 P.3d 199 (2011); InreWinship. 397 U.S. 358, 364,
90S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970): State v. Schulze. 116Wn.2d 154, 167-68,804
P.2d 566 (1991). It is reversible error "to instruct the jury in a manner" that would
relieve the State of this burden. State v. Pirtle. 127 Wash. 2d 628, 656, 904 P.2d 245
(1995).
RCW 9A.36.021 defines the crime of assault in the second degree, in pertinent
part:
(1) A person is guilty of assault in the second degree if he or she, under
circumstances not amounting to assault in the first degree:
(a) Intentionally assaults another and thereby recklessly inflicts
substantial bodily harm.[2]
Here, the to-convict jury instruction correctly states the State must prove beyond
a reasonable doubt that Miller recklessly inflicted substantial bodily harm on Rasar. The
to-convict jury instruction states:
To convict the defendant of the crime of assault in the second
degree, each of the following elements of the crime must be proved
beyond a reasonable doubt:
(1) That on or about the 6th day of November, 2009, the defendant
intentionally assaulted Randall Rasar;
(2) That the defendant thereby recklessly inflicted substantial
bodily harm on Randall Rasar;
(3) That the defendant was not acting in self-defense; and
(4) That the acts occurred in the State of Washington.
If you find from the evidence that each of these elements has been
proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then it will be your duty to return a
verdict of guilty.
2RCW 9A.08.010(1)(c) defines "reckless" as follows:
A person is reckless or acts recklessly when he or she knows of and disregards a
substantial risk that a wrongful act may occur and his or her disregard of such substantial
risk is a gross deviation from conduct that a reasonable person would exercise in the
same situation.
No. 68574-1-1/6
On the other hand, if, after weighing all of the evidence, you have a
reasonable doubt as to any one of these elements, then it will be your duty
to return a verdict of not guilty.
But the jury instruction defining "reckless" states:
A person is reckless or acts recklessly when he or she knows of
and disregards a substantial risk that a wrongful act or result may occur
and this disregard is a gross deviation from conduct that a reasonable
person would exercise in the same situation.
When recklessness is required to establish an element of a crime,
the element is also established if a person acts intentionally or knowingly
as to that fact or result.[3]
Miller contends the jury instruction defining "reckless" is misleading and conflicts
with the statutory language. The instruction defines "reckless" to mean Miller acted with
disregard of a substantial risk that a "wrongful act or result" may occur, rather than the
specific statutory language that requires the State to prove he disregarded a substantial
risk that "substantial bodily harm" may occur. RCW 9A.36.021(1)(a).
'n Gamble, the supreme court addressed whether manslaughter in the first
degree is a lesser included offense of felony murder based on assault as the predicate
offense. State v. Gamble. 154 Wash. 2d 457, 459, 114 P.3d 646 (2005). The court held
that while the wrongful act to prove manslaughter required showing that the defendant
knew and disregarded a substantial risk of homicide, where the predicate offense was
assault, the State need only prove disregard that a substantial risk of substantial bodily
harm may occur. Gamble. 154 Wash. 2d at 467-68.
[T]o achieve a felony murder conviction here, the State was required to
prove only that Gamble acted intentionally and "disregard[ed] a substantial
risk that [substantial bodily harm! may occur." Significantly, the risk
contemplated per the assault statute is of "substantial bodily harm," not a
homicide as required by the manslaughter statute. As such, first degree
3Miller objected to the court's instructions "to the extent these instructions are not the same as
what I offered."
No. 68574-1-1/7
manslaughter requires proof of an element that does not exist in the
second degree felony murder charge the State brought against Gamble.
Gamble. 154 Wn.2d at467-68.4
After the decision in Gamble, the Washington Supreme Court Committee on Jury
Instructions revised the definition of "recklessness." The amended pattern jury
instruction includes brackets around the term "wrongful act" and directs the court to
state a more particular act, if applicable. 11 Washington Practice: Washington
Pattern Jury Instructions: Criminal 10.03, at Supp. 31 (3d ed. Supp. 2011) (WPIC).
WPIC 10.03 provides, in pertinent part:
RECKLESSNESS—DEFINITION [Replaced]
A person is reckless or acts recklessly when he or she knows of
and disregards a substantial risk that a [wrongful act] [fill in more particular
description of act, if applicable] may occur and this disregard is a gross
deviation from conduct that a reasonable person would exercise in the
same situation.
[When recklessness [as to a particular [result] [fact]]] is required to
establish an element of a crime, the element is also established if a
person acts [intentionally] [or] [knowingly] [as to that [result] [fact]].]
The WPIC 10.03 Note on Use states, in pertinent part: "Use bracketed material
as applicable. For a discussion of the first paragraph's bracketed alternatives relating to
a wrongful act, see the Comment below." The Committee explained, in pertinent part:
The [Gamble] court gave no indication as to whether more particularized
standards would also apply to offenses other than manslaughter.
The . . . instruction above is drafted in a manner that allows practitioners
to more fully consider how Gamble applies to other offenses. If the
instruction's blank line is used, care must be taken to avoid commenting
on the evidence.
WPIC 10.03 Comment.
4{Citation omitted) (emphasis in original) (alteration in original).
7
No. 68574-1-1/8
In Harris. Division Two of this court applied the reasoning in Gamble in reversing
the conviction in an assault case because the jury instruction defining "reckless"
misstated the law. Harris, 164 Wash. App. at 385-88.
The to-convict instruction in Harris correctly stated the jury must find the State
proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant "intentionally assaulted [the
victim] and recklessly inflicted great bodily harm" to convict him of first degree assault of
a child. Harris. 164 Wash. App. at 383-84.5 But the instruction defining "reckless" referred
to "a wrongful act" rather than "great bodily harm." Harris, 164 Wash. App. at 384.6
The court held the jury instructions relieved the State of its burden to prove that
Harris "knew and recklessly disregarded that great bodily harm could result." Harris.
164 Wash. App. at 388. The court concluded the court erroneously instructed the jury that
a person acts recklessly when they know of and disregard a substantial risk that a
wrongful act may occur. Harris, 164 Wash. App. at 385.
In instructing a jury, a trial court should use the statute's language
"where the law governing the case is expressed in the statute.". . .
Hardwick. 74 Wn.2d [at] 830 Here, the law governing Harris's child
assault charge is expressed in RCW 9A.36.120(1)(b)(i), the statute
defining first degree child assault. And a jury instruction defining RCW
9A.36.120(1)(b)(i)'s recklessness requirement must account for the
specific risk contemplated under that statute, here great bodily harm, and
not some undefined wrongful act. See Gamble, 154 Wash. 2d at 468 ("the
risk contemplated per the assault statute is of 'substantial bodily harm'").
Harris. 164 Wash. App. at 387-88.
5(Internal quotation marks omitted.)
6(Internal quotation marks omitted.)
8
No. 68574-1-1/9
Instate v. Johnson. 172 Wash. App. 112, 297 P.3d 710 (2012), we agreed with the
decision in Harris and the principle that in defining "reckless," the trial court should have
used the specific statutory language for assault in the second degree of "substantial
bodily harm" rather than "wrongful act." Johnson. 172 Wash. App. at 131-32/
Here, the State points to the to-convict instruction that correctly states the
statutory harm to argue that Harris and Johnson are wrongly decided. We considered
and rejected the same argument in Harris.
[T]he definitional instruction that told the jury it need only find that Harris
disregarded the risk of a "wrongful act," even read with the "to convict"
instruction, did not properly state the law and these instructions relieved
the State of its burden to show that Harris knew and recklessly
disregarded that great bodily harm could result from his picking [the victim]
up and shaking him.
Harris. 164 Wash. App. at 388: see also Johnson, 172 Wash. App. at 131-32.
We adhere to the decisions in Harris and Johnson, and conclude the jury
instructions in this case misstate the law by defining "reckless" to mean Miller knew of
and disregarded "a substantial risk that a wrongful act or result may occur," rather than
"a substantial risk that substantial bodily harm may occur," lowering the burden of proof
and depriving the defense from arguing its theory of the case.
An erroneous jury instruction that misstates the law is subject to a harmless error
analysis. State v. Thomas. 150 Wash. 2d 821, 844, 83 P.3d 970 (2004). The State bears
the burden of showing that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Delaware
7The to-convict instruction and instruction defining "reckless" in Johnson are nearly identical to
those here. The only notable difference is that in Johnson, the instruction defining "reckless" (1) referred
in the first paragraph only to a "wrongful act" instead of a "wrongful act or result;" and (2) began the
second paragraph by stating, "When recklessness as to a particular fact or result is required to establish
an element of a crime," instead of, "When recklessness is required to establish an element of a crime."
Johnson. 172 Wash. App. at 129-30 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted).
No. 68574-1-1/10
v. Van Arsdall. 475 U.S. 673, 684, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 89 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1986); State v.
Guloy, 104 Wash. 2d 412, 425, 705 P.2d 1182 (1985).
Inconsistent jury instructions resulting in a misstatement of the law are
prejudicial. State v. Wanrow. 88 Wash. 2d 221. 239. 559 P.2d 548 (1977). Buta
misstatement of the law in a jury instruction is harmless if the element is supported by
uncontroverted evidence. State v. Brown. 147 Wash. 2d 330, 341, 58 P.3d 889 (2002)
(citing Neder v. United States. 527 U.S. 1, 18, 119 S. Ct. 1827, 144 L Ed. 2d 35
(1999)). "[W]e must 'conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury verdict would
have been the same absent the error.'" Brown. 147 Wash. 2d at 341 (quoting Neder. 527
U.S. at 19).
Miller contends the misstatement of law in the jury instructions is not harmless.
The State does not address harmless error or engage in a harmless error analysis,
relying solely on the argument that Harris and Johnson were wrongly decided.
Nonetheless, we conclude the uncontroverted evidence does not establish that Miller
knew of and disregarded a substantial risk that substantial bodily harm may occur.
Miller testified that after Rasar hit him with the flashlight, Miller put his hand on Rasar's
shoulder "so he couldn't turn again and started moving him down the driveway."
Further, the State relied on and emphasized the importance of the erroneous jury
instruction defining "reckless" during closing argument. The prosecutor argued, in
pertinent part:
A person acts reckless or recklessly when he knows of and disregards a
substantial risk that a wrongful act or result may occur and disregards, and
this disregard is a gross deviation from conduct that a reasonable person
would exercise in the same situation. And that recklessness, when
reckless is required to establish an element of a crime, the element is also
established if a person acts intentionally, meaning that they intentionally
10
No. 68574-1-1/11
pushed this person into the truck to cause his injury. Or knowingly as to
that fact or result.
Let's talk about this, because herein is a very important part of this
case. [Miller] knew the slope of his driveway. He had been living here—
He was asked on his direct, he said he knows every space of his house.
His wife said that he's remodeling his house. He knows the slope of his
driveway. He walks up it every day. He has to park his cars. He has to,
you know, probably set the emergency brake to make sure the cars, you
know, probably try to figure out so the cars don't slide out of the driveway
so they don't run into the neighbor's house. Right? He knows the slope of
his driveway. It is a daily fact in his life.
And he knows at some point that he's quote picking up speed as
he's going down his driveway. And he knows that that truck is there. And
he should know that running into the truck would cause injury. He actually
ran into the truck. He bounced off that truck and fell onto the ground
himself. And he's actually behind the person that struck first. He
disregarded a substantial risk that a wrongful act or result would occur.
This was a reckless act. For a person who's literally got a flashlight in
their hands, in the dark on a crowded driveway, at night as he's going
down with his back to him. This is an attack from the back in which
[Rasar] is just literally trying to cautiously walk down the stairs and he's
ran into his own truck.
Because we reverse and remand for trial, we briefly address the argument that
the court erred in refusing to give the defense instruction on battery. Our courts do not
require a "specific intent" instruction for a charge of assault based on battery. State v.
Hall. 104 Wash. App. 56, 62, 14 P.3d 884 (2000). "Assault by battery does not require
specific intent to inflict harm or cause apprehension; rather, battery requires intent to do
the physical act constituting assault." Hall, 104 Wash. App. at 62. The court did not err in
refusing to give the defense instruction on battery.8
Miller also claims that because juries have the power to acquit even where a
verdict is contrary to the evidence or the law, the court erred in instructing the jury that if
it finds each element of assault in the second degree, "then it will be your duty to return
8We do not address Miller's argument regarding the court's refusal to give an instruction on
defense of property. Whether Miller is entitled to a defense of property instruction will depend on the
evidence presented at the trial. See State v. Walden. 131 Wash. 2d 469, 473-74, 932 P.2d 1237(1997).
11
No. 68574-1-1/12
a verdict of guilty." We disagree. In State v. Meggyesv. 90 Wash. App. 693. 958 P.2d 319
(1998), we squarely addressed and rejected this argument. See Meggyesv, 90 Wn.
App. at 699-701 (a court does not err by instructing a jury that it has a duty to convict if
it finds all of the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt), abrogated
on other grounds by State v. Recuenco. 154Wn.2d 156, 110P.3d 188(2005).
Reversed and remanded.
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WE CONCUR:
12