Julie Hautzenroeder v. Michael DeWine , 887 F.3d 737 ( 2018 )

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 18a0070p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
JULIE HAUTZENROEDER, ┐
Petitioner-Appellant, │
│
> No. 17-3395
v. │
│
│
MICHAEL DEWINE, Ohio Attorney General, │
Respondent-Appellee. │
┘
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Ohio at Cincinnati.
No. 1:16-cv-00443—Michael R. Barrett, District Judge.
Argued: January 24, 2018
Decided and Filed: April 11, 2018
Before: COLE, Chief Judge; SILER and COOK, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Wendy R. Calaway, THE LAW OFFICE OF WENDY R. CALAWAY, CO.,
L.P.A., Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellant. M. Scott Criss, OFFICE OF THE OHIO ATTORNEY
GENERAL, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Wendy R. Calaway, THE LAW
OFFICE OF WENDY R. CALAWAY, CO., L.P.A., Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellant. Stephanie
L. Watson, OFFICE OF THE OHIO ATTORNEY GENERAL, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
COOK, Circuit Judge. Due to her conviction for sexual battery, Julie Hautzenroeder
must forever comply with Ohio’s sex offender registration and notification laws. After her
release from prison and community control, Hautzenroeder filed a habeas petition under 28
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U.S.C. § 2254 challenging her conviction with its attendant ongoing reporting burden. The
district court dismissed the petition, deciding that it lacked jurisdiction under § 2254 because
Hautzenroeder was no longer “in custody.” Hautzenroeder timely appealed, and we AFFIRM.
I. BACKGROUND
An Ohio jury found Hautzenroeder, a high school teacher, guilty of one count of sexual
battery involving a student. Although her state court appeals were unsuccessful, Hautzenroeder
benefitted from the trial court’s suspending most of her two-year prison sentence and discharging
her early from community control. But no court could suspend Hautzenroeder’s statutorily-
mandated classification as a Tier III sex offender with its associated lifetime reporting
requirements. See Ohio Rev. Code §§ 2950.01(G)(1)(a), 2950.07(B)(1).
Hautzenroeder’s federal habeas petition alleged a due process violation stemming from
insufficient evidence supporting her conviction. Ohio moved to dismiss, arguing that the district
court lacked jurisdiction over the petition because Hautzenroeder filed it after her period of
incarceration and community control expired—in other words, when she was no longer “in
custody.” Agreeing with a magistrate judge’s report and recommendation, the district court
dismissed her petition for want of jurisdiction. That court’s later grant of a certificate of
appealability as to “whether petitioner is in custody for purposes of habeas relief and whether the
Court properly granted respondent’s motion to dismiss” occasions this appeal.
II. ANALYSIS
“We apply de novo review to questions of subject matter jurisdiction.” Steverson v.
Summers, 258 F.3d 520, 522 (6th Cir. 2001). As the party opposing dismissal, Hautzenroeder
bears the burden of establishing the existence of jurisdiction. Brott v. United States, 858 F.3d
425, 428 (6th Cir. 2017).
Federal courts may “entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus [o]n behalf of a
person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court only on the ground that he is in
custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C.
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§ 2254(a) (emphases added). This language is jurisdictional: if a petitioner is not “in custody”
when she files her petition, courts may not consider it. Steverson, 258 F.3d at 522.
The Supreme Court holds that a petitioner is “in custody” when she is subject to
conditions that “significantly restrain [her] liberty to do those things which in this country free
men are entitled to do.” Jones v. Cunningham, 371 U.S. 236, 243 (1963); see also Hensley v.
Mun. Court, 411 U.S. 345, 351 (1973) (“The custody requirement of the habeas corpus statute is
designed to preserve the writ of habeas corpus as a remedy for severe restraints on individual
liberty.”). Comparing herself to a parolee, Hautzenroeder maintains that the continuous burdens
and restrictions of her Tier III classification similarly circumscribe her liberties, rendering her “in
custody” under § 2254. See Jones, 371 U.S. at 242 (detailing terms of petitioner’s parole).
Yet not all consequences that flow from a criminal conviction significantly curb one’s
liberty. “[O]nce the sentence imposed for a conviction has completely expired, the collateral
consequences of that conviction are not themselves sufficient to render an individual ‘in custody’
for the purposes of a habeas attack upon it.” Maleng v. Cook, 490 U.S. 488, 492 (1989) (per
curiam) (emphasis added). Hautzenroeder is no longer in custody, the State’s argument goes,
because her obligations are “collateral consequences” of her conviction, not “severe restraints on
liberty.” See, e.g., Carafas v. LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234, 237 (1968) (giving examples of collateral
consequences, including losing the right to vote, to serve as a juror, or to engage in certain
businesses).
In Leslie v. Randle, we decided that a habeas petitioner’s obligations under Ohio’s sex
offender registration law were “more analogous to collateral consequences such as the loss of the
right to vote than to severe restraints on freedom of movement such as parole.” 296 F.3d 518,
522–23 (6th Cir. 2002). But Leslie concerned Ohio’s pre-2007 sex offender registration scheme.
That year, Ohio revamped its law to align with the federal Sex Offender Registration and
Notification Act (“SORNA”). See State v. Bodyke, 933 N.E.2d 753, 759 (Ohio 2010). To
prevail, therefore, Hautzenroeder must show that the new law’s requirements so materially differ
from the old regime’s as to warrant a different result. She argues that several features of Ohio’s
SORNA meet this test. We are unpersuaded.
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A. Obligation to Provide and Update Information
First, Hautzenroeder argues that the enhanced reporting requirements of the new law
materially distinguish her case from Leslie. The State concedes that, as compared to its old
registration law, Ohio’s SORNA requires offenders to report more information to more officials.
See Leslie, 296 F.3d at 521 (discussing Ohio’s former registration requirements); compare Ohio
Rev. Code §§ 2950.04, 2950.06, with Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 2950.04, 2950.06 (LexisNexis
2001). She characterizes these requirements as “a unique encumbrance, which chills registrants’
freedom of movement.”
In reality, Hautzenroeder’s obligations under Ohio’s SORNA differ from those under
Ohio’s previous regime only in degree, not in kind. Her “ability to move to a different
community or residence is . . . not conditioned on approval by a government official.” Leslie,
296 F.3d at 522. She need not “remain employed, nor is [she] prohibited from engaging in any
legal activities.” Id.; see also Wilson v. Flaherty, 689 F.3d 332, 338 (4th Cir. 2012) (making the
same point with respect to Virginia and Texas registration laws). In other words,
Hautzenroeder’s freedom of movement is unconstrained, her registration and reporting
obligations notwithstanding.
Her circumstances are also readily distinguishable from the facts of Jones and Hensley,
where the Supreme Court found that the petitioners were “in custody” because the government
exercised direct control over their movements. The Jones petitioner was a parolee; the terms of
his parole confined him to “a particular community, house, and job.” 371 U.S. at 242. He could
not drive a car without authorization, and he was to “keep away from undesirable places.” Id.
The Hensley petitioner, a man released on his own recognizance, was “in custody” because he
could not “come and go as he please[d]. His freedom of movement rest[ed] in the hands of state
judicial officers, who [could] demand his presence at any time and without a moment’s notice.”
411 U.S. at 345, 351. Hautzenroeder suffers no such burdens.
Though registration obligations present a serious nuisance, as the First Circuit put it,
“even grievous collateral consequences stemming directly from a conviction cannot, without
more, transform the absence of custody into the presence of custody.” Lefkowitz v. Fair, 816
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F.2d 17, 20 (1st Cir. 1987) (holding that the loss of a medical license did not render a sex
offender who had completed his sentence “in custody”). Other courts likewise hold that personal
registration requirements are not enough to render a sex offender “in custody.” See, e.g., Dickey
v. Allbaugh, 664 F. App’x 690, 693–94 (10th Cir. 2016) (Oklahoma law); Calhoun v. Att’y Gen.
of Colo., 745 F.3d 1070, 1072–74 (10th Cir. 2014) (Colorado law); Wilson, 689 F.3d at 337–38
(Virginia and Texas laws); Henry v. Lungren, 164 F.3d 1240, 1242 (9th Cir. 1999) (California’s
pre-SORNA registration law). No court of appeals has held otherwise, and Hautzenroeder has
given us no reason to diverge from this unanimous body of precedent.
B. Dissemination of Information to the Public
Ohio’s SORNA requires the county sheriff to inform the offender’s neighbors, area
school officials, and the local municipal police chief, among others, of the offender’s presence in
the community. See generally Ohio Rev. Code § 2950.11(A)–(B). School officials may likewise
inform their employees, who must report if they see the offender near the school. See generally
Ohio Admin. Code 109:5-4-04. Ohio law also requires that sex offender information (such as
the offender’s name, physical characteristics, associated addresses, vehicle information, and
criminal history details) be included in an online database that members of the public can use to
search for sex offenders in their area. See Ohio Rev. Code §§ 2950.081, 2950.13(A)(11).
Hautzenroeder contends that the dissemination of such information transforms her
conviction into a scarlet letter, encroaching on her liberty interests. She claims that widespread
knowledge of her status may hinder her efforts to obtain employment or participate in ordinary
social activities, impair her parenting abilities, and subject her to vigilantism and harassment.
But Hautzenroeder fails to show how Ohio’s current publicization scheme materially
differs from the Ohio regime that the Leslie court found non-custodial. On this score, as the
State observes, there are only two differences between Ohio’s old law and the version we review
today. First, today’s law requires notifying a broader audience when a sex offender is in a
community. Compare id. § 2950.11, with Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2950.11 (LexisNexis 2001).
Second, the current law mandates more extensive dissemination of information about offenders
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via the internet. Compare Ohio Rev. Code §§ 2950.081, 2950.13(A)(11), with Ohio Rev. Code
Ann. § 2950.081 (LexisNexis 2001).
These differences are insufficient to render Hautzenroeder in custody. As the Supreme
Court explained in Smith v. Doe:
Our system does not treat dissemination of truthful information in furtherance of a
legitimate governmental objective as punishment. . . . It must be acknowledged
that notice of a criminal conviction subjects the offender to public shame, the
humiliation increasing in proportion to the extent of the publicity. And the
geographic reach of the Internet is greater than anything which could have been
designed in colonial times. These facts do not render Internet notification
punitive. The purpose and the principal effect of notification are to inform the
public for its own safety, not to humiliate the offender. Widespread public access
is necessary for the efficacy of the scheme, and the attendant humiliation is but a
collateral consequence of a valid regulation.
538 U.S. 84, 98–99, 105–06 (2003) (emphasis added) (holding Alaska’s registration scheme to
be non-punitive for retroactive application purposes); see also Conn. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Doe,
538 U.S. 1, 6–7 (2003) (“mere injury to reputation, even if defamatory, does not constitute the
deprivation of a liberty interest” (citing Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 712 (1976))).
Hautzenroeder has presented nothing to show that Ohio’s publicization rules are meant to
humiliate offenders rather than protect the public. Neither the availability of this information on
the internet nor the expanded community notification provisions place Hautzenroeder “in
custody.”
C. Bar on Establishing a Residence in Certain Areas
Ohio law also forbids sex offenders from “establish[ing] a residence or occupy[ing]
residential premises within one thousand feet of any school premises or preschool or child day-
care center premises.” Ohio Rev. Code § 2950.034(A). Violations are not criminal; instead, the
State grants neighbors and local officials standing to sue the offender for injunctive relief (i.e., to
get a court order compelling the offender to vacate the residence). Id. § 2950.034(B).
Hautzenroeder portrays this as a particularly burdensome provision that “restrict[s] her
habitation to certain segments of society.” Not so. Many states impose similar restrictions,
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which may be more severe than Ohio’s. In Oklahoma, for example, sex offenders may not live,
either temporarily or permanently, within 2,000 feet of any “school . . . , educational institution,
property or campsite used by an organization whose primary purpose is working with children, a
playground or park . . . , or a licensed child care center.” Dickey, 664 F. App’x at 692 (quoting
Okla. Stat. tit. 57, § 590(A)) (alterations in original). A habeas petitioner alleged that this
restriction, together with his other obligations under Oklahoma’s sex offender registration
scheme, rendered him “in custody.” Id. The Tenth Circuit acknowledged that the scheme was
“restrictive,” but nevertheless decided that the law’s requirements were “collateral
consequences . . . and not a continuation of punishment.” Id. at 693–94.
Hautzenroeder has not demonstrated that Ohio’s residency restrictions amount to
governmental control over her movements. Although she may not be able to make her home in
some parts of some neighborhoods, there is no reason to believe that the vast majority of real
estate is not open to her. Put another way, she has not shown that the law operates to confine her
to “a particular community[] [or] house.” Jones, 371 U.S. at 242. And so the residency
restrictions remain consequences collateral to her conviction.
D. Fear of Consequences of Deviation
Should Hautzenroeder fail to register or provide certain information, she would be guilty
of a third degree felony that carries potential prison time. See Ohio Rev. Code § 2950.99(A)(1).
Hautzenroeder characterizes her possible criminal liability as a sword of Damocles causing her,
like the Jones petitioner, to “live in constant fear that a single deviation, however slight, might be
enough to result in [her] being returned to prison.” 371 U.S. at 242.
But if Hautzenroeder were to violate Ohio’s SORNA requirements, any repercussions
would stem not from her original conviction but from a new, separate criminal proceeding. On
this point we can differentiate Hautzenroeder from a parolee who may face reimprisonment
stemming from her original conviction. The Supreme Court has observed that this distinction is
vital. See Maleng, 490 U.S. at 492–93 (“When the second sentence is imposed, it is pursuant to
the second conviction that the petitioner is incarcerated and is therefore ‘in custody.’”); see also
Thomas v. Morgan, 109 F. Supp. 2d 763, 767 (N.D. Ohio 2000) (“[A] petitioner not in physical
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custody must be subject to some sort of supervisory control along with the imminent possibility
of incarceration without a formal trial and criminal conviction.”).
In fact, criminal sanction for non-compliance with the registration regime is nothing new
in Ohio: the State’s former registration scheme likewise criminalized non-compliance. See State
v. Cook, 700 N.E.2d 570, 575 (Ohio 1998). Still, we held that the old law did not render a
convicted sex offender “in custody.” Leslie, 296 F.3d at 521, 523. Ohio’s SORNA is not
meaningfully different in this regard.
E. Ohio’s SORNA’s Punitive Nature
Hautzenroeder emphasizes the Ohio Supreme Court’s holding that the State’s SORNA,
unlike its predecessor statute, is “punitive,” barring its retroactive application. State v. Williams,
952 N.E.2d 1108, 1112–13 (Ohio 2011); see also Cook, 700 N.E.2d at 581 (holding former sex
offender registration scheme “remedial, not punitive”). She also cites this court’s recent decision
in Does #1–5 v. Snyder, where we held that the Ex Post Facto Clause of the Constitution
prohibits the retroactive application of Michigan’s Sex Offender Registration Act to persons
convicted before that Act’s passage. 834 F.3d 696, 705–06 (6th Cir. 2016). It would be
incongruous for a law to be considered “punitive” in the ex post facto context, she argues, yet
fail to render a petitioner “in custody” for habeas purposes. Hautzenroeder also highlights
Leslie’s citing the Ohio Supreme Court’s holding that Ohio’s old law was “remedial, not
punitive” as “additional support” for our determination that the petitioner was not in custody.
See Leslie, 296 F.3d at 522–23; Cook, 700 N.E.2d at 581; see also Calhoun, 745 F.3d at 1074
(noting that “the Colorado sex-offender registration requirements are remedial, not punitive,” as
support for holding that a Colorado offender was not “in custody”).
The State aptly observes, however, that the two issues pose different legal questions. Ex
post facto analysis asks whether a law imposes a punishment. See Does #1–5, 834 F.3d at 700–
01 (describing test). The habeas custody inquiry asks whether the petitioner is subject to a
“severe restraint[] on individual liberty.” Hensley, 411 U.S. at 351. Whether a registration
scheme is punitive for ex post facto purposes leaves unanswered the “in custody” question. See
Dickey v. Patton, No. CIV-15-685-M, 2015 WL 8592709, at *3–4 (W.D. Okla. Sept. 28, 2015)
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(magistrate’s report and recommendation) (deciding that petitioner was not “in custody” despite
the fact that the Oklahoma Sex Offender Registration Act was punitive for ex post facto
purposes), adopted in full, No. CIV-15-685-M, 2015 WL 8494009, at *1 (W.D. Okla. Dec. 10,
2015), aff’d sub nom. Dickey v. Allbaugh, 664 F. App’x 690 (10th Cir. 2016); see also Leslie,
296 F.3d at 523 (Clay, J., concurring) (“[T]he holding in this case is limited to the habeas context
and does not foreclose a plaintiff from litigating constitutional claims pertaining to a sex offender
registration statute in a non-habeas proceeding.”).
So, put simply, Hautzenroeder’s appeal does not hinge on the punitive nature of this
statute. We are concerned only with whether her statutorily mandated obligations are custodial.
And as we have explained, they are not.
III. CONCLUSION
We thus AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Hautzenroeder’s habeas petition for
want of jurisdiction.