State v. Crawford , 2021 Ohio 547 ( 2021 )

[Cite as State v. Crawford, 2021-Ohio-547.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
HENRY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO,
CASE NO. 7-20-05
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,
v.
JOHN CRAWFORD, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Henry County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. 19 CR 0161
Judgment Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part and
Cause Remanded
Date of Decision: March 1, 2021
APPEARANCES:
Nathan VanDenBerghe for Appellant
Gwen Howe-Gebers for Appellee
Case No. 7-20-05
WILLAMOWSKI, P.J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant John Crawford (“Crawford”) appeals the
judgment of the Henry County Court of Common Pleas, alleging (1) that the Reagan
Tokes Law violates the separation of powers; (2) that he was denied his right to the
effective assistance of counsel; and (3) that the trial court erred in imposing
restitution. For the reasons set forth below, the judgment of the trial court is
affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} On November 19, 2019, Crawford was indicted on one count of
engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity in violation of R.C. 2923.32(A)(1), a felony
of the first degree; one count of trafficking in a fentanyl related compound in
violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1), a felony of the fourth degree; two counts of
aggravated trafficking in drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1), felonies of the
second degree; one count of trafficking in a fentanyl related compound in violation
of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1), a felony of the second degree; and two counts of aggravated
trafficking in drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1), felonies of the first degree.
Doc. 1.
{¶3} On June 16, 2020, Crawford pled guilty to one count of engaging in a
pattern of corrupt activity in violation of R.C. 2923.32(A)(1), a felony of the first
degree; one count of trafficking in a fentanyl related compound in violation of R.C.
2925.03(A)(1), a felony of the fourth degree; one count of trafficking in a fentanyl
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related compound in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1), a felony of the second degree;
and one count of aggravated trafficking in drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1),
a felony of the first degree. Doc. 30. The trial court accepted Crawford’s guilty
plea and dismissed the remaining counts against him. Doc. 35.
{¶4} On July 27, 2020, Crawford appeared before the trial court for
sentencing. Doc. 35. Pursuant to the Reagan Tokes Law, he received an indefinite
sentence with a minimum term of nine years and a maximum term of thirteen-and-
one-half years. Doc. 35. The trial court also ordered Crawford to pay $10,600.00
in restitution to the Multi-Area Narcotics Unit (“the MAN Unit”) because the MAN
Unit paid a total of $10,600.00 to a confidential informant for use in three controlled
buys with Crawford.1 Doc. 35. PSI. This order of restitution was imposed jointly
and severally with one of Crawford’s associates. Doc. 35. Defense counsel
objected to this order of restitution at the sentencing hearing. Sentencing Tr. 12.
{¶5} The appellant filed his notice of appeal on August 18, 2020. Doc. 39.
On appeal, Crawford raises the following assignments of error:
First Assignment of Error
The Reagan Tokes Act is an unconstitutional violation of
separation of powers and due process.
1
In this case, there were a total of four controlled buys. PSI. The MAN Unit gave $10,600.00 to a
confidential informants to use in the first three of these controlled buys. PSI. The MAN Unit issued
$13,680.00 to a confidential informant for use in the fourth controlled buy. PSI. However, Crawford was
apprehended immediately after the fourth controlled buy. PSI.
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Second Assignment of Error
Appellant did not receive effective assistance of counsel at trial
when trial counsel failed to object to the constitutional validity of
Reagan Tokes.
Third Assignment of Error
The trial court erred when it ordered Appellant to pay restitution
to a non-victim government entity.
First Assignment of Error
{¶6} Crawford argues that the Reagan Tokes Law is unconstitutional.
However, he admits in his brief that he did not raise these objections before the trial
court and that the applicable standard of review is, therefore, plain error.
Legal Standard
{¶7} Under Crim.R. 52(A), “[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial
rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court.”
Crim.R. 52(B).
“In order to find plain error under Crim.R. 52(B), there must be
an error, the error must be an ‘obvious’ defect in the trial
proceedings, and the error must have affected ‘substantial
rights.’” State v. Bowsher, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-07-32, 2009-
Ohio-6524, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759
N.E.2d 1240 (2002). ‘The standard for plain error is whether, but
for the error, the outcome of the proceeding clearly would have
been otherwise.’ State v. Hornbeck, 155 Ohio App.3d 571, 2003-
Ohio-6897, 802 N.E.2d 184, ¶ 16 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Long, 53
Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978). Notice of plain error is
taken “only to ‘prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.’” State
v. Davis, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-16-30, 2017-Ohio-2916, ¶ 23,
quoting Long, supra, at paragraph three of the syllabus.
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State v. Taflinger, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-17-20, 2018-Ohio-456, ¶ 17. Under
Crim.R. 52(B), “the defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that a plain error
affected his substantial rights.” (Emphasis sic.) State v. Perry, 101 Ohio St.3d 118,
2004-Ohio-297, 802 N.E.2d 643, ¶ 14.
{¶8} Further, “[i]n order to be justiciable, a controversy must be ripe for
review.” State v. Loving, 180 Ohio App.3d 424, 2009-Ohio-15, 905 N.E.2d 1234,
¶ 4, quoting Keller v. Columbus, 100 Ohio St.3d 192, 2003-Ohio-5599, 797 N.E.2d
964, ¶ 26.
Ripeness ‘is peculiarly a question of timing.’ Regional Rail
Reorganization Act Cases (1974), 419 U.S. 102, 140, 95 S.Ct. 335,
357, 42 L.Ed.2d 320, 351. The ripeness doctrine is motivated in
part by the desire “to prevent the courts, through avoidance of
premature adjudication, from entangling themselves in abstract
disagreements over administrative policies * * *.” Abbott
Laboratories v. Gardner (1967), 387 U.S. 136, 148, 87 S.Ct. 1507,
1515, 18 L.Ed.2d 681, 691 [(reversed on other grounds in Califano
v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99, 105, 97 S.Ct. 980, 984, 51 L.Ed.2d 192(1977)]. * * *.
“The basic principle of ripeness may be derived from the
conclusion that ‘judicial machinery should be conserved for
problems which are real or present and imminent, not
squandered on problems which are abstract or hypothetical or
remote.’ * * * [T]he prerequisite of ripeness is a limitation on
jurisdiction that is nevertheless basically optimistic as regards the
prospects of a day in court: the time for judicial relief is simply
not yet arrived, even though the alleged action of the defendant
foretells legal injury to the plaintiff.” Comment, Mootness and
Ripeness: The Postman Always Rings Twice (1965), 65 Colum.
L.Rev. 867, 876.
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State ex rel. Elyria Foundry Co. v. Indus. Comm., 82 Ohio St.3d 88, 89, 694 N.E.2d
459, 460 (1998). “A claim is not ripe for our consideration if it rests on contingent
future events that may not occur as anticipated or may never occur at all.” Loving
at ¶ 4, citing Texas v. U.S., 523 U.S. 296, 300, 118 S.Ct. 1257, 140 L.Ed.2d 406(1998).
Legal Analysis
{¶9} On appeal, Crawford advances three main arguments to establish that
the Reagan Tokes Law is unconstitutional. First, he argues that this provision runs
afoul of the doctrine of the separation of powers. Second, he argues that this
provision does not adequately protect the procedural due process rights of offenders.
Third, he asserts that this provision violates his right to a trial by jury.2 We will
examine each of these arguments in turn.
{¶10} In his first argument, Crawford asks us to reverse our precedent in
State v. Hacker where we considered the same separation of powers arguments that
are raised in this appeal. State v. Hacker, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-20-01, 2020-Ohio-
5048, ¶ 22. In Hacker, the appellant raised a facial challenge to the Reagan Tokes
Law. Id. Following the Second and Twelfth Districts, we determined that this
provision did not run afoul of the doctrine of separation of powers. Id. See State v.
2
Crawford’s argument about his right to a trial by jury is one of the arguments that he advances to establish
that the Reagan Tokes Law does not adequately protect his procedural due process rights. However, we have
not considered the right to a trial by jury in the context of the Reagan Tokes Law previously. See Hacker,
supra, at ¶ 17. For this reason, we will consider it separately from the other due process arguments.
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Barnes, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28613, 2020-Ohio-4150, ¶ 32; State v. Guyton,
12th Dist. Butler No. CA2019-12-203, 2020-Ohio-3837, ¶ 17.3 At this juncture, we
decline to revisit our precedent. See State v. Kepling, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-20-
23, 2020-Ohio-6888, ¶ 7. As a consequence, we conclude that Crawford’s first
argument is without merit.
{¶11} In his second argument, Crawford asserts that “[t]he constitutional
deficiencies in Reagan Tokes challenge some of the most basic protections afforded
by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments.” Appellant’s Brief, 9. However, in
Hacker, we rejected a facial challenge to the Reagan Tokes Law in which the
appellant argued that this provision unconstitutionally failed to provide adequate
procedural due process safeguards in its text. Hacker at ¶ 23. Thus, insofar as this
appeal presents a facial challenge to the Reagan Tokes Law on the grounds that its
text does not set forth sufficient procedural due process protections, we rely on our
prior holding in Hacker and find these arguments to be without merit. Id. See State
v. Kepling, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-20-23, 2020-Ohio 6888, ¶ 12.
{¶12} Crawford also asserts that he “cannot be deprived of his expectation
of liberty at his expected release date by the [Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and
3
We are aware that the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Districts found that separation of powers and due process
arguments that are similar to those raised by Crawford in this appeal were not yet ripe for review. See State
v. Ramey, 4th Dist. Washington Nos. 20CA1, 20CA2, 2020-Ohio-6733, ¶ 22; State v. Downard, 5th Dist.
Muskingum No. CT2019-0079, 2020-Ohio-4227, ¶ 5, 12-13; State v. Velliquette, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-19-
1232, 2020-Ohio-4855, ¶ 30. We also note that, on December 28, 2020, the Supreme Court of Ohio accepted
a case to determine whether the constitutionality of the Reagan Tokes Law is ripe for review. State v.
Maddox, 160 Ohio St.3d 1505, 2020-Ohio-6913, 159 N.E.3d 1150.
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Correction (“ODRC”)] without receiving due process.” Appellant’s Brief, 9. In
State v. Kepling, the appellant argued that offenders might not receive adequate
notice and an opportunity to be heard. Kepling at ¶ 13. These arguments went
“beyond the actual content of the Reagan Tokes Law * * *” and “assert[ed] that [an
offender’s] due process rights might not be properly protected at some future date
or that proper administrative guidelines may not be in place at that time.” Id. Since
these arguments “rest[ed] on contingent future events that may not occur as
anticipated or may never occur at all,” we found that these arguments were not yet
ripe for review. Id. at ¶ 15, quoting State v. Loving, 180 Ohio App.3d 424, 2009-
Ohio-15, 905 N.E.2d 1234, ¶ 4.
{¶13} Turning to the case presently before this Court, Crawford raises
arguments about whether his “fair notice of accusations[] and assistance of counsel”
will be adequate in the event that the ODRC acts to keep him beyond his
presumptive release date. Appellant’s Brief, 7. But at this time, we do not know if
Crawford will ever face such action from the ODRC. See Kepling at ¶ 14. We also
do not know what administrative guidelines will be in place to protect the procedural
due process rights of offenders in the future if ODRC ever acts to hold Crawford
beyond his presumptive release date. Id. Following the reasoning of Kepling, we
conclude that this class of procedural due process arguments is not yet ripe for
review. Id. Thus, we decline to review these arguments at this time.
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{¶14} In his third argument, Crawford asserts that the Reagan Tokes Law
violates his right to a trial by jury as he could be kept beyond his presumptive release
date for violations that were not tried before a jury. In his earlier separation of
powers arguments, Crawford raised a facial challenge to the Reagan Tokes Law on
the grounds that it unconstitutionally authorized indefinite sentencing. Further,
Crawford raised this challenge after he had received an indefinite sentence under
this provision. In contrast, his arguments about his right to a trial by jury revolve
around whether he could, at some date in the future, be kept past his presumptive
release date for various violations that he may or may not commit.
{¶15} At this point, we cannot know if Crawford will commit violations that
might prompt an ODRC hearing to decide whether to hold him past his presumptive
release date. This argument does not address a penalty that Crawford has already
received but is based on contingent events that may or may not arise in the future.
Thus, this issue is not yet ripe for our consideration. As such, we decline to review
this issue at this time. In conclusion, Crawford has not, in any of these three
arguments, carried the burden of demonstrating defects in the proceedings before
the trial court. Thus, he has not established plain error. For this reason, his first
assignment of error is overruled.
Second Assignment of Error
{¶16} Crawford argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
challenge the constitutionality of the Reagan Tokes Law before the trial court.
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Legal Standard
{¶17} “Under Ohio law, ‘a properly licensed attorney is presumed to carry
out his duties in a competent manner.’” State v. Harvey, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-19-
34, 2020-Ohio-329, ¶ 57, quoting State v. Gee, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-92-9, 1993
WL 270995 (July 22, 1993). For this reason, the appellant has the burden of proving
that he or she was denied the right to the effective assistance of counsel. State v.
Brown, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-17-19, 2018-Ohio-899, ¶ 42.
{¶18} “In order to prove an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the
appellant must carry the burden of establishing (1) that his or her counsel’s
performance was deficient and (2) that this deficient performance prejudiced the
defendant.” State v. McWay, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-17-42, 2018-Ohio-3618, ¶ 24,
quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d
674 (1984). If the appellant does not establish one of these two prongs, the appellate
court does not need to consider the facts of the case under the other prong of the
test. State v. Baker, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-17-61, 2018-Ohio-3431, ¶ 19, citing State
v. Walker, 2016-Ohio-3499, 66 N.E.3d 349, ¶ 20 (3d Dist.).
{¶19} In order to establish deficient performance, the appellant must
demonstrate that trial “counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not
functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.”
State v. Howton, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-16-35, 2017-Ohio-4349, ¶ 35, quoting
Strickland at 687. Generally, “[a] claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is
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waived by a guilty plea * * *.” State v. Pettaway, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-14-20,
2015-Ohio-226, ¶ 12. Trial “counsel need not raise meritless issues or even all
arguably meritorious issues for that matter.” State v. Jones, 91 Ohio St.3d 335, 354,
744 N.E.2d 1163, 1183 (2001).
{¶20} In order to establish prejudice, “the defendant must show a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have
been different.” Davis, supra, at ¶ 36, quoting State v. Bibbs, 2016-Ohio-8396, 78
N.E.3d 343, ¶ 13 (3d Dist.). Thus, “[t]o establish prejudice when ineffective
assistance of counsel relates to a guilty plea, a defendant must show there is a
reasonable probability that but for counsel’s deficient or unreasonable performance
the defendant would not have pled guilty. State v. Brown, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-
08-11, 2008-Ohio-4649, ¶ 28. For this reason, “the failure to do a futile act cannot
be the basis for claims of ineffective assistance of counsel and is not prejudicial.”
State v. Witherspoon, 8th Dist. No. 94475, 2011-Ohio-704, ¶ 33.
Legal Analysis
{¶21} Crawford argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
raise the issues that were argued under the first assignment of error. Having
examined these arguments on appeal, we concluded that Crawford did not identify
any defects in the proceedings before the trial court. Crawford cannot demonstrate
how the outcome of the proceedings below would have been different “if his defense
counsel had raised * * * challenge[s] before the trial court that ha[ve] since failed
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on appeal.” State v. Lewis, 3d Dist. Van Wert No. 15-20-04, 2020-Ohio-6894, ¶ 86.
For this reason, he cannot carry the burden of demonstrating prejudice. Since
Crawford has not successfully established an ineffective assistance of counsel claim,
his second assignment of error is overruled.
Third Assignment of Error
{¶22} Crawford argues that the trial court erred by ordering him to pay
restitution to a governmental entity that does not qualify as a victim.
Legal Standard
{¶23} R.C. 2929.18(A)(1) authorizes a trial court to order an offender to pay
restitution as a financial sanction. R.C. 2929.18(A)(1). Under this provision, a trial
court may impose
[r]estitution by the offender to the victim of the offender’s crime
or any survivor of the victim, in an amount based on the victim’s
economic loss. * * * If the court imposes restitution, the court may
base the amount of restitution it orders on an amount
recommended by the victim, the offender, a presentence
investigation report, estimates or receipts indicating the cost of
repairing or replacing property, and other information, provided
that the amount the court orders as restitution shall not exceed
the amount of the economic loss suffered by the victim as a direct
and proximate result of the commission of the offense. If the court
imposes restitution for the cost of accounting or auditing done to
determine the extent of economic loss, the court may order
restitution for any amount of the victim’s costs of accounting or
auditing provided that the amount of restitution is reasonable and
does not exceed the value of property or services stolen or
damaged as a result of the offense. * * *.
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R.C. 2929.18(A)(1). “Accordingly, ‘the right to order restitution is limited to the
actual damage or loss caused by the offense of which the defendant is convicted.’”
State v. Toler, 174 Ohio App.3d 335, 2007-Ohio-6967, 882 N.E.2d 28, ¶ 11 (3d
Dist.), quoting State v. Williams, 34 Ohio App.3d 33, 34, 516 N.E.2d 1270 (2d Dist.
1986).
{¶24} Further, based on the “plain language” of R.C. 2929.18(A)(1), this
Court has previously determined
that the Ohio General Assembly intended that restitution only be
available to the actual crime victims. State v. Samuels, 4th Dist.
No. 03CA8, 2003-Ohio-6106, at ¶ 5. “A ‘victim’ is generally
defined as the person who was ‘the object’ of the crime—e.g. the
victim of the robbery is the person who was robbed.” Id., citing
Black’s Law Dictionary (5th Ed.1979) 1405.
State v. Christy, 3d Dist. Wyandot No. 16-04-04, 2004-Ohio-6963, ¶ 16. “But the
general rule in Ohio has been that governmental agencies are not victims of crimes
to which they respond in their official capacities.” City of Centerville v. Knab, 2020-
Ohio-5219, --- N.E.3d ---, ¶ 20.
In certain circumstances, a government entity may be considered
a victim of a crime under R.C. 2929.18(A)(1): For example, when
government funds are embezzled or when government property
is vandalized. [Samuels, supra, at ¶ 5]. However, a government
entity voluntarily advancing its own funds to pursue a drug buy
through an informant is not one of the scenarios contemplated by
R.C. 2929.18(A)(1).
State v. Pietrangelo, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2003-L-125, 2005-Ohio-1686, ¶ 15. Thus,
“government entities do not constitute ‘victims’ entitled to restitution for their
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expenditure of public funds in the pursuit of fighting crime.” State v. Wolf, 176
Ohio App.3d 165, 2008-Ohio-1483, 891 N.E.2d 358, ¶ 40 (3d Dist.).
Legal Analysis
{¶25} The trial court ordered Crawford to pay $10,600.00 in restitution to a
governmental entity: the MAN Unit. Doc. 35. However, in this case, the MAN
Unit did not suffer economic losses as the victim of Crawford’s criminal offenses.
Rather, the MAN Unit voluntarily expended funds as the investigator of Crawford’s
criminal offenses.4 See Knab, supra, at ¶ 20; Wolf, supra, at ¶ 40; Pietrangelo,
supra, at ¶ 15. This Court has previously held that restitution is not available as a
financial sanction to reimburse governmental entities that “voluntarily advanc[e] its
own funds to pursue a drug buy through an informant * * *.” State v. Dietrich, 3d
Dist. Allen No. 1-10-76, 2011-Ohio-4347, ¶ 31.
{¶26} Other courts have reached the same conclusion. See State v. Brewer,
2017-Ohio-119, 80 N.E.3d 1257, ¶ 24 (2d Dist.); State v. Coleman, 4th Dist.
Highland No. 16CA18, 2018-Ohio-1709, ¶ 22; State v. Justice, 5th Dist. Fairfield
No. 09-CA-66, 2010-Ohio-4781, ¶ 30; State v. Williams, 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-
13-007, 2013-Ohio-4838, ¶ 11; State v. Ferguson, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 13AP-
891, 2014-Ohio-3153, ¶ 29; State v. Ballard, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2014-09-197,
4
This Court has previously held that a trial court may order a defendant to pay for the costs a government
entity incurs during the course of an investigation if the defendant “explicitly agreed to do so as part of a
negotiated plea agreement.” See State v. Baker, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-11-49, 2012-Ohio-1890, ¶ 11. However,
there is no evidence in the record that Crawford made such an agreement. Doc. 30.
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2015-Ohio-2084, ¶ 16. We conclude that the trial court erred by ordering Crawford
to pay restitution to the MAN Unit for the funds it expended in the controlled buys.
Thus, Crawford’s third assignment of error is sustained.
Conclusion
{¶27} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant in the particulars
assigned and argued in his first and second assignments of error, the judgment of
the Henry County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed as to these issues. However,
having found error prejudicial to the appellant in the particulars assigned and argued
in his third assignment of error, the judgment of the Henry County Court of
Common Pleas is reversed as to this issue. Therefore, this cause of action is
remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Judgment Affirmed in Part
Reversed in Part
And Cause Remanded
ZIMMERMAN and SHAW, J.J., concur.
/hls
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