Laymon v. State , 478 S.W.3d 203 ( 2015 )

Cite as 2015 Ark. 485
SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
No. CR-15-291
CHAD STEVE LAYMON Opinion Delivered December 17, 2015
APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM THE POPE COUNTY
V. CIRCUIT COURT
[NO. CR-2014-190]
STATE OF ARKANSAS HONORABLE WILLIAM M.
APPELLEE PEARSON, JUDGE
AFFIRMED.
ROBIN F. WYNNE, Associate Justice
Chad Steve Laymon appeals from his conditional plea of guilty to a charge of driving
while intoxicated, sixth offense. He argues on appeal that his conviction violated the ex post
facto clauses of the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State of Arkansas.
This case was certified to us by our court of appeals pursuant to Arkansas Supreme Court
Rules 1-2(b)(1) and 1-2(d) (2015), as presenting an issue of first impression regarding whether
an appeal is allowed from appellant’s conditional plea. We affirm.
Appellant was charged by information with a violation of Arkansas Code Annotated
section 5-65-122 (Supp. 2013), which provides that a sixth of subsequent offense of driving
while intoxicated occurring within ten years of a prior offense is a Class B felony. Section 5-
65-122 was enacted by the Arkansas General Assembly in 2013, and the offense with which
appellant was charged occurred on March 14, 2014. Appellant filed a pretrial motion to
Cite as 2015 Ark. 485
suppress and dismiss in which he argued that the use of his prior driving-while-intoxicated
convictions to enhance the punishment for the most recent offense would violate the ex post
facto clauses of the federal and state constitutions. He also argued that the State should not
be allowed to use his prior convictions because he was not represented by counsel when those
convictions were entered.1 The trial court denied the motion, finding that section 5-65-122
did not violate the ex post facto clauses of either the federal or the state constitution and that
appellant had waived his right to counsel when his prior convictions were entered. After the
motion was denied, appellant entered a conditional plea of guilty to the charge of driving
while intoxicated, sixth offense. The trial court sentenced him to ninety-six months’
imprisonment in the Arkansas Department of Correction, with an additional forty-eight
months’ suspended imposition of sentence. This appeal followed.
We must first determine whether we have jurisdiction to consider the appeal. As
noted above, appellant entered a conditional plea of guilty. Arkansas Rule of Criminal
Procedure 24.3(b) (2015) provides as follows:
With the approval of the court and the consent of the prosecuting attorney, a
defendant may enter a conditional plea of guilty or nolo contendere, reserving in
writing the right, on appeal from the judgment,
(i) to review an adverse determination of a pretrial motion to suppress seized
evidence or a custodial statement;
(ii) to review an adverse determination of a pretrial motion to dismiss a charge
because not brought to trial within the time provided in Rule 28.1(b) or (c); or
(iii) to review an adverse determination of a pretrial motion challenging the
constitutionality of the statute defining the offense with which the defendant is
charged.
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Appellant has abandoned this argument on appeal.
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Only subsection (b)(iii) of Rule 24.3 could apply to this appeal. Subsection (b)(iii) was added
to the rule via an amendment in 2012, and no opinion of this court to date has addressed the
issue of what type of constitutional challenge falls under the subsection.
Court rules are construed using the same criteria, including canons of construction, that
are used to interpret statutes. Stanley v. Ligon, 374 Ark. 6, 285 S.W.3d 649 (2008). A court
rule is to be construed just as it reads, giving the words their ordinary and usually accepted
meaning in common language. Id.
There are two primary ways to challenge the constitutionality of a statute: an as-applied
challenge, in which the court assesses the merits of the challenge by considering the facts of
the particular case in front of the court, not hypothetical facts in other situations, and a facial
challenge, which seeks to invalidate the statute itself. 16 C.J.S. Constitutional Law § 243
(2005). Appellant’s challenge appears to be an as-applied challenge to the constitutionality
of section 5-65-122. Rule 24.3(b)(iii) applies expressly to pretrial motions challenging the
constitutionality of a statute. There is no language in the rule to indicate that only a particular
type of constitutional challenge falls under the rule. Therefore, construing the rule just as it
reads, an appeal can be heard from a conditional plea following the denial of a pretrial motion
challenging the constitutionality of the statute defining the offense to which the defendant
pled guilty, regardless of whether the challenge to the statute is an as-applied challenge or a
facial challenge. This being the case, we have jurisdiction to consider the appeal.
As to the merits, appellant argues that his conviction under section 5-65-122 violates
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the ex post facto clauses of the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State
of Arkansas. Specifically, he contends that the use of his prior convictions for driving while
intoxicated, which occurred prior to the passage of section 5-65-122, to enhance the sentence
for the most recent violation, which occurred in 2014, violates the ex post facto clauses
because it increased his punishment. A law is prohibited as ex post facto when it authorizes
punishment for a crime because of an act previously committed, makes more burdensome the
punishment for a crime after its commission, or deprives one charged with a crime of any defense
that was available according to law at the time when the act was committed. Eichelberger v.
State, 323 Ark. 551, 553, 916 S.W.2d 109,110 (1996) (emphasis in original) (citing Beazell v.
Ohio, 269 U.S. 167, 169–70 (1925)).
In Sims v. State, 262 Ark. 288, 556 S.W.2d 141 (1977), a defendant who was convicted
twice in 1974 for driving under the influence and charged with the offense a third time in
1976, argued on appeal that treating the 1976 offense as a third offense under Act 931 of 1974
would make that law ex post facto as to him because the first two offenses occurred before
the law was passed. In affirming the enhancement of his punishment, we stated,
All of the authorities relied upon by [Sims] do, indeed hold that a law which makes
a crime punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable at the time it was
committed is an invalid ex post facto law. But these cases have no application here, because
the offense with which [Sims] was charged was committed after the adoption of Act 931 of 1975.
The enhanced penalty provided for a third offense by that act is not for the first or
second offense, but is for the third offense, which is considered as aggravated by reason
of the preceding offenses.
Sims, 262 Ark. at 289, 556 S.W.2d at 142 (emphasis added). Here, as in Sims, the crime with
which appellant was charged occurred after section 5-65-122 was enacted. Appellant contends
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that our decision in Sims, as well as our decision in Garrett v. State, 347 Ark. 860, 69 S.W.3d
844 (2002), is not dispositive because the enactment of section 5-65-122 increased the penalty
for a sixth DWI offense. However, as stated in Sims, Act 931 of 1976 enhanced the penalty
for a third offense. Based on our holding in Sims and the fact that section 5-65-122 did not
make more burdensome the punishment for appellant’s sixth DWI offense after the
commission of that offense, we hold that the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s
motion to suppress and dismiss.
Appellant also argues on appeal that it violated due process to charge him with a sixth
violation when he was not given notice that his prior DWI convictions could be revived and
that it violated due process to apply the ten-year look-back provision to him when he could
have had his prior misdemeanor DWI convictions sealed. Neither of these arguments is
preserved for review. Appellant did not raise either of these arguments before the trial court.
We will not consider arguments, even constitutional ones, that are raised for the first time on
appeal. Green v. State, 330 Ark. 458, 956 S.W.2d 849 (1997). Also, failure to obtain a ruling
on an issue at the trial court level, including a constitutional issue, precludes review on appeal.
Huddleston v. State, 347 Ark. 226, 61 S.W.3d 163 (2001). To the extent it could conceivably
be said that appellant did raise the arguments below, it is clear that he failed to obtain a ruling
from the trial court on either of them. Therefore, we cannot consider the arguments on
appeal.
Affirmed.
Ralph J. Blagg, for appellant.
Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Vada Berger, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.
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